Table 1 Baseline characteristic of the study population in derivation and validations.
|  | Derivation Set (n = 16,070) | Validation Set (n = 8,034) | Standardized effect size |
|---|---|---|---|
MEAN ± SD* or n (%) | MEAN ± SD* or n (%) | ||
Socio-demographic factors | |||
 Age (years) | 61.03 ± 10.77 | 61.19 ± 10.75 | −0.01 |
 Gender |  |  | −0.01 |
   Female | 8508 (52.94) | 4307 (53.61) |  |
   Male | 7562 (47.06) | 3727 (46.39) |  |
 Smoking habit | 2526 (15.72) | 1251 (15.57) | 0.00 |
 Alcohol drinking | 1476 (9.18) | 710 (8.84) | 0.01 |
 Age of diabetes onset (years) | 54.41 ± 10.88 | 54.51 ± 10.72 | −0.01 |
 Duration of type 2 diabetes (years) | 6.66 ± 6.34 | 6.72 ± 6.36 | −0.01 |
 Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.68 ± 3.74 | 25.76 ± 3.76 | −0.02 |
 Obesity | 5861 (36.47) | 2993 (37.25) | −0.02 |
Diabetes-related factor and biomarker | |||
 HbA1c level (%) | 8.18 ± 1.92 | 8.24 ± 1.95 | −0.03 |
 Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 171.62 ± 65.39 | 171.77 ± 63.69 | 0.00 |
 Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 118.00 ± 31.11 | 117.58 ± 31.58 | 0.01 |
 High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 46.19 ± 13.97 | 46.44 ± 14.04 | −0.02 |
 Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.05 ± 0.54 | 1.05 ± 0.52 | 0.00 |
 Serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (u/l) | 32.02 ± 31.54 | 32.52 ± 34.99 | −0.02 |
 Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 195.54 ± 41.64 | 196.09 ± 42.82 | −0.01 |
 Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 170.42 ± 128.74 | 174.91 ± 135.13 | −0.03 |
 eGFR (mg/dL) | 73.48 ± 21.60 | 73.17 ± 22.13 | 0.01 |
 Variation in fasting blood glucose (%) | 31.98 ± 25.62 | 32.07 ± 25.76 | 0.00 |
 Variation in HBA1c (%) | 16.51 ± 14.74 | 16.4 ± 14.45 | 0.01 |
Comorbidity | |||
 Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 134.8 ± 17.71 | 134.97 ± 17.73 | −0.01 |
 Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 80.05 ± 10.48 | 80.03 ± 10.54 | 0.00 |
 Variation in systolic blood pressure (%) | 7.37 ± 5.52 | 7.43 ± 5.63 | −0.01 |
 Variation in diastolic blood pressure (%) | 7.67 ± 6.10 | 7.78 ± 6.10 | −0.02 |
 Hypertension | 7218 (44.92) | 3813 (47.46) | −0.05 |
 Stroke | 790 (4.92) | 386 (4.8) | 0.01 |
 Cardiovascular disease | 1402 (8.72) | 748 (9.31) | −0.02 |
 Peripheral Neuropathy | 147 (0.91) | 73 (0.91) | 0.00 |
 Diabetes retinopathy | 216 (1.34) | 108 (1.34) | 0.00 |
 Hypoglycemia | 666 (4.14) | 350 (4.36) | −0.01 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 155 (0.96) | 77 (0.96) | 0.00 |
 Ketoacidosis | 130 (0.81) | 66 (0.82) | 0.00 |
 Postural hypotension | 14 (0.09) | 7 (0.09) | 0.00 |
 Arterial embolism and thrombosis | 23 (0.14) | 15 (0.19) | −0.01 |
 Peripheral vascular disease | 132 (0.82) | 76 (0.95) | −0.01 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 4256 (26.48) | 2138 (26.61) | 0.00 |
 Albuminuria | 1890 (11.76) | 1003 (12.48) | −0.02 |
Medication use | |||
Anti-diabetes medications | |||
   No medication | 635 (3.95) | 309 (3.85) | 0.01 |
   Oral only | 13823 (86.02) | 6899 (85.87) | 0.00 |
   Insulin | 616 (3.83) | 287 (3.57) | 0.01 |
   Insulin + oral agent | 996 (6.2) | 539 (6.71) | −0.02 |
 Hypertension medications | 8287 (51.57) | 4257 (52.99) | −0.03 |
 Cardiovascular medications | 5232 (32.56) | 2608 (32.46) | 0.00 |
 Hyperlipidemia medications | 6420 (39.95) | 3234 (40.25) | −0.01 |
 NSAID | 143 (0.89) | 79 (0.98) | −0.01 |
Outcome | |||
 ESRD | 813 (5.06) | 402 (5.00) | 0.00 |
