Table 3 Effect of GABA accumulation on different antioxidant enzymes [CAT: Catalase (mM mg⁻¹ P); APX: Ascorbate peroxidase (µM mg⁻¹ P); GPX: Glutathione peroxidase (µM mg⁻¹ P), SOD: Superoxide dismutase (U mg⁻¹ P); POD: Guaiacol peroxidase (mM mg⁻¹ P); DHAR: Dehydroascorbate reductase (µM mg⁻¹ P); MDHAR: Mono-dehydroascorbate reductase (µM mg⁻¹ P); AO: Ascorbate oxidase (U mg⁻¹ P); GR: Glutathione reductase (U mg⁻¹ P); GST: Glutathione S-transferase (µM mg⁻¹ P)] activities in As(III) treated and untreated seedlings of Oryza sativa cv.

C

4.87 ± 0.66 ^cd

39.82 ± 5.84^bcd

10.34 ± 0.14^bc

5.02 ± 0.14^ab

0.54 ± 0.04^cde

22.93 ± 2.77^a

9.31 ± 0.36 ^cd

12.41 ± 1.65^ab

43.70 ± 2.68^abc

3.92 ± 0.02^ab

GABA(L) (Long term)

5.87 ± 0.39^e

44.71 ± 7.97^cde

11.88 ± 0.79 ^cd

4.51 ± 0.38^a

0.50 ± 0.06^bc

28.59 ± 3.27^ab

9.09 ± 0.37^c

16.85 ± 0.47^cdef

50.48 ± 2.92 ^cd

3.82 ± 0.14^a

GABA(H) (Long term)

5.15 ± 0.55^de

40.31 ± 2.54^bcd

10.88 ± 1.05^bcd

5.13 ± 0.53^bc

0.61 ± 0.06^e

30.94 ± 0.64^b

10.06 ± 0.38 ^cd

19.42 ± 1.75 ^f

50.73 ± 5.04 ^cd

4.46 ± 0.62^abcd

GABA(L) (Short term)

4.82 ± 0.63^bcd

51.96 ± 6.18^e

12.13 ± 0.78^d

5.39 ± 0.28^bcd

0.52 ± 0.02^bcd

38.95 ± 3.91 ^cd

12.10 ± 0.33^e

19.20 ± 0.50^ef

50.28 ± 6.55 ^cd

5.29 ± 0.24^d

GABA(H)(Short term)

4.37 ± 0.14^abcd

36.41 ± 1.24^abc

10.40 ± 0.12^bc

5.75 ± 0.44^de

0.54 ± 0.05^cde

33.09 ± 0.44^bc

10.58 ± 1.37^d

17.67 ± 1.06^def

44.17 ± 4.67^abc

4.03 ± 0.36^abc

As(III)

4.19 ± 0.23^abc

44.97 ± 3.29^cde

11.94 ± 0.47 ^cd

5.87 ± 0.13^de

0.60 ± 0.04^de

40.05 ± 4.99 ^cd

6.35 ± 0.91^b

11.32 ± 1.25^a

56.43 ± 5.04^d

4.89 ± 0.40^bcd

As(III) + GABA(L) (Long term)

4.01 ± 0.32^abc

30.26 ± 1.54^ab

14.10 ± 0.39^e

5.71 ± 0.25^cde

0.45 ± 0.06^ab

52.05 ± 5.30^e

7.43 ± 0.05^b

16.36 ± 2.40^cde

36.63 ± 1.26^a

4.44 ± 0.59^abcd

As(III) + GABA(H) (Long term)

3.44 ± 0.45^a

47.50 ± 1.37^de

11.67 ± 1.17 ^cd

5.30 ± 0.16^bcd

0.47 ± 0.04^abc

43.72 ± 0.29^d

13.64 ± 0.53 ^f

14.97 ± 1.54^bcd

45.55 ± 4.88^bc

4.99 ± 0.47 ^cd

As(III) + GABA(L) (Short term)

4.30 ± 0.48^abcd

27.73 ± 1.57^a

9.28 ± 0.17^b

5.56 ± 0.40^bcd

0.40 ± 0.05^a

34.65 ± 3.63^bc

6.31 ± 0.77^b

13.12 ± 0.05^ab

37.76 ± 3.60^ab

4.03 ± 0.38^abc

As(III) + GABA(H) (Short term)

3.91 ± 0.51^ab

33.13 ± 0.33^ab

7.30 ± 0.74^a

6.19 ± 0.52^e

0.60 ± 0.01^de

44.79 ± 5.94^d

4.88 ± 0.29^a

14.48 ± 2.13^bc

56.20 ± 3.47^d

4.33 ± 0.54^abcd