Figure 1
From: Activation of NADPH oxidases leads to DNA damage in esophageal cells
Esophageal reflux induces DNA damage in epithelial cells. (A) DNA damage was assessed in biopsies collected from GERD (n = 10) and control (n = 9) groups of patients using immunohistochemical staining for p-H2AX. Staining scores were calculated by multiplying the intensity score by the percentage of positively stained cells. GERD patients showed a statistically significant increase in p-H2AX staining compared to control patients without GERD (*p = 0.04, n = 19). (B) Representative images of p-H2AX staining of esophageal tissues collected from GERD, BE and control groups of patients. (C) Treatment with acidic bile salts induces DNA damage in CP-A and BAR-T cells. Top panel: CP-A and BAR-T cells were treated with BA/A (100 μM, pH 4.0) for 30 min and 5 min, respectively. Treated cells were analyzed for p-H2AX six and twelve hours after BA/A treatment using Western blotting. Bottom panel: A representative immunofluorescence staining for p-H2AX after treatment of CP-A cells with BA/A (100 μM, pH 4.0). Staining was done 12 hours after treatment. (D) Quantification of DNA damage by alkaline comet assay in CP-A and BAR-T cells treated with BA/A (100 μM, pH 4.0) for 30 min and 5 min, respectively. Analyses were conducted 18 hours after BA/A treatment (**p < 0.01, n = 3). Representative images of DNA comets are shown. Data are presented as mean ± S.E.
