Table 1 Characteristics of the studies included.

From: Acupuncture for behavioral changes of experimental depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Research	Model	Species	Sex	Weight (g)	N	Randomization	Blinding	Inter–vention Time	Inter–ventions	Acupoints	Stimulus parameter	Duration of one session	The number of sessions	Treatment course	Western medicine	Indicators
Bao 2014¹¹	CFSS	SD rats	Male	180 ± 10	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	10 min	14	14d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW; SI:CSI.
Bao 2014#¹²	CUMS	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	12/12	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	W:FW;
Chen 2011¹³	CUMS	SD rats	Female	180–220	10/10	Random number table	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	GV20,GV24	mention	30 min	14	14d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR.
Cheng 2015¹⁴	CUMS	SD rats	Male	200	8/8	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	30 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	W:FW; SI:CSI.
Dai 2010¹⁵	CUMS	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	13/13	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR.
Deng 2013¹⁶	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	160–180	12/12	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:GW; SI:CSI.
Ding 2016¹⁷	CUMS	SD rats	Male	200–210	8/8	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	MA	GV20,GV14	mention	20 min	18	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW,GW; SI:RSI.
Duan 2008¹⁸	CUMS & Solitary	Wistar rats	Male	150–180	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29,EX-HNl	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW.
Duan 2016¹⁹	CUMS	SD rats	Male	150 ± 10	16/16	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	30 min	28	28d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW;
Duan 2016#²⁰	CUMS & Solitary	Wistar rats	Male	180–200	10/10	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	28	28d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:RSI.
Fan 2013²¹	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Female/Male	170–220	10/10	Random number table	not mention	SAME	MA	EX-HNl,PC6,SP6	mention	30 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; \|W:FW; SI:CSI.
Fan 2016²²	IA	SD rats	Male	180–220	8/8	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	LI4,LR3	mention	15 min	21	21d	Riluzole	OFT:NC,NR;
Fan 2016#²³	CUMS	SD rats	Male	180–220	8/8	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	LI4,LR3	mention	15 min	21	21d	Riluzole	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:CSI.
Fan 2016*²⁴	CUMS	SD rats	Male	180–220	8/8	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	MA	LI4,LR3	not mention	not mention	21	21d	Riluzole	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:CSI.
Fu 2008²⁵	CUMS	SD rats	Female/Male	180–200	8/8	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	LI4,LR3	mention	15 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW,GW.
Guo 2016²⁶	CRS	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	8/8	mention	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,GV29,SP6	mention	20 min	28	28d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:CSI,RSI.
Hu 2013²⁷	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	8/8	mention	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,PC6	mention	10 min	14	28d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW; SI:RSI
Hu 2014²⁸	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	10/10	Random number table	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	30 min	28	28d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW; SI:CSI
Huang 2005²⁹	CUMS & Solitary	Wistar rats	Male	200–230	7/7	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	PC6,CV17	mention	30 min	21	21d	Amitriptyline	OFT:NC,NR; W:GW; SI:CSI.
Ji 2013³⁰	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	12/12	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR.
Jia 2005³¹	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	160–180	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:CSI.
Jiang 2007³²	CUMS	SD rats	Female	180–220	8/8	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	10 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW; SI:CSI.
Jiang 2013³³	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Female	220–250	18/18	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	LI4,LR3	mention	15–20 min	14	21d	Riluzole	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW;SI:RSI.
Jiao 2008³⁴	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	180–200	12/12	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	30 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW.
Jin 2015³⁵	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	9/9	mention	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,PC6	mention	10 min	14	28d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:CSI.
Jing 2016³⁶	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 10	8/8	random number table	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;
Li 2007³⁷	CUMS	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	8/8	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW,GW; SI:CSI.
Li 2008³⁸	CUMS	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	13/13	Random number table	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW,GW.
Li 2011³⁹	LH	Wistar rats/SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	20/15	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	GV20,GB34	mention	60 min	5	5d	Chlorimipramine	OFT:NC,NR.
Li 2011#³⁹	CUMS	Wistar rats/SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	10/10	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	GV20,GB34	not mention	not mention	14	28d	Chlorimipramine	OFT:NC,NR.
Li 2011&⁴⁰	CUMS	SD rats	Male	180–220	15/15	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	15 min	7	7d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW; SI:CSI.
Li 2014⁴¹	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 10	12/12	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR.
Lin 2008⁴²	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200–230	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,SP6	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:GW.
Liu 2005⁴³	CUMS	SD rats	Male	100–120	8/8	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	GV20,GB34	mention	30 min	7	14d	Chlorimipramine	OFT:NC,NR;W:GW.
Liu 2008⁴⁴	CUMS	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	8/8	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	GV20,GB34	mention	30 min	10	21d	Chlorimipramine	OFT:NC,NR.
Liu 2009⁴⁵	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	around 250	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29,ST36,SP6	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW,GW SI:RSI
Liu 2012⁴⁶	CUMS	SD rats	Male	200–250	8/8	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	LI4,LR3	mention	30 min	10	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;x W:FW; SI:CSI.
Lu 2008⁴⁷	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	8/8	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29,ST36,ST40	mention	15 min	11	22d	Maprotiline	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW; SI:CSI.
Lu 2013⁴⁸	CUMS	SD rats	Male	180–200	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,PC6	mention	10 min	14	28d	Paroxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:RSI.
Lu 2016⁴⁹	CUMS	SD rats	Male	180–200	8/8	mention	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,PC6	mention	10 min	14	28d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:CSI.
Lu 2016#⁵⁰	CUMS	SD rats	Male	180–200	8/8	mention	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,PC6	mention	10 min	14	28d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:RSI.
Luo 2016⁵¹	CUMS	SD rats	Male	260–300	10/10	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	LI4,LR3	mention	30 min	35	35d	Riluzole	OFT:NC,NR;SI:RSI.
Ma 2016⁵²	CUMS	SD rats	Male	200 ± 15	12/12	random number table	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;
Mo 2014⁵³	CUMS	SD rats	Male	200 ± 10	12/12	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR.
Pan 2016⁵⁴	CUMS	SD rats	Male/Female	180–230	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,PC6,SP6	mention	30 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:CSI.
Qin 2010⁵⁵	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	170 ± 10	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29,ST25	mention	30 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW.
Shao 2016⁵⁶	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	8/8	mention	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,PC6	mention	10 min	14	28d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:CSI.
Shi 2007⁵⁷	CUMS	SD rats	Male	160–180	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:CSI.
Shi 2015⁵⁸	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	10/10	random number table	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,GV29,GB20,BL23	mention	30 min	28	28d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;
Song 2014⁵⁹	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 10	13/13	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW; SI:CSI
Song 2015⁶⁰	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	180 ± 10	8/8	mention	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:CSI.
Song 2016⁶¹	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	8/8	mention	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,GV14	mention	20 min	18	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:RSI.
Song 2014#⁶²	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 10	8/8	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR.
Sun 2003⁶³	CUMS	SD rats	not mention	220–240	8/8	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	GV20,ST36	mention	30 min	21	21d	Clomipramine	OFT:NC,NR.
Sun 2013⁶⁴	L-AAA	SD rats	Female	220–250	9/9	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	LI4,LR3	mention	15 min	21	21d	Riluzole	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW; SI:RSI.
Sun 2014⁶⁵	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29,PC6	mention	20 min	14	28d	Paroxetine	OFT:NC,NR.
Sun 2016⁶⁶	CUMS	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	8/8	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	CV4, ST36	mention	30 min	14	14d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;SI:RSI.
Tang 2013⁶⁷	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW; SI:CSI
Tang 2014⁶⁸	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	180–220	10/10	Random number table	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW; SI:CSI.
Teng 2013⁶⁹	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	180 ± 20	12/12	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:CSI.
Wang 2008⁷⁰	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	not mention	160–190	10/10	Random number table	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	GV20,GV29,SP6	mention	15 min	10	21d	Clomipramine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW,GW; SI:CSI.
Wang 2009⁷¹	CUMS	SD rats	Male	180–220	10/10	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	15 min	7	7d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW; SI:CSI.
Wang 2010⁷²	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	180–220	10/10	not mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,LR3	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW; SI:CSI.
Wang 2013⁷³	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	180–220	12/12	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV24	mention	15 min	7	7d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; SI:CSI.
Wang 2014⁷⁴	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	180 ± 20	12/12	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	MA	Ex-B2	not mention	not mention	28	14d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW.
Wang 2016⁷⁵	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	12/12	random number table	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV24	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	W:FW; SI:CSI.
Wu 2007⁷⁶	CUMS	SD rats	Male	120–140	10/10	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	ST36	mention	15 min	22	22d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:GW.
Xiao 2014⁷⁷	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	250–300	15/15	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	MA	LI4,LR3	mention	30 min	21	35d	Riluzole	W:FW; SI:RSI.
Xiao 2014#⁷⁷	EAAT1	SD rats	Male	250–300	10/10	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	MA	LI4,LR3	mention	30 min	21	35d	Riluzole	OFT:NC; W:FW; SI:RSI.
Xiao 2014&⁷⁸	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Female	220–250	20/20	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	LI4,LR3	not mention	not mention	14	21d	Riluzole	SI:RSI
Xiao 2014*⁷⁷	EAAT2	SD rats	Male	270–290	10/10	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	MA	LI4,LR3	mention	30 min	21	35d	Riluzole	OFT:NC; W:FW; SI:RSI.
Xu 2016⁷⁹	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	30 min	28	28d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;
Xu 2016#⁸⁰	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	180 ± 20	8/8	mention	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,GV29	mention	10 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:CSI.
Yang 2013⁸¹	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200 ± 20	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	ST36	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:GW; SI:CSI.
Yang 2013#⁸²	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200–220	8/8	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	30 min	18	21d	Citalopram	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:RSI.
Yu 2006⁸³	CUMS	SD rats	Male	120–150	8/8	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	GV20,GB34	mention	30 min	7	14d	Clomipramine	OFT:NC,NR.
Yu 2012⁸⁴	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	160–180	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	not mention	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW; SI:CSI.
Yu 2016⁸⁵	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	180 ± 10	8/8	mention	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,GV29	mention	10 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:CSI.
Yu 2006#⁸⁶	CUMS	SD rats	Male	200–250	10/10	not mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	GV20, Anmian	mention	40 min	18	42d	Chlorimipramine	W:FW; SI:CSI,RSI.
Zhang 2005⁸⁷	CUMS	SD rats	Male	180–220	10/10	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	MA	GV20,PC6,GV24,SP6	mention	10 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW; SI:CSI.
Zhang 2008⁸⁸	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	160–200	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,GV29	mention	30 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; SI:CSI.
Zhang 2016⁸⁹	CUMS	SD rats	Male	180–200	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,GV29	mention	10 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;SI:CSI.
Zhang# 2016⁹⁰	CUMS	SD rats	Male/Female	220–290	20/20	mention	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,PC6,SP6	mention	30 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:CSI.
Zhang 2016&⁹¹	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	220–270	12/12	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	LI4,LR3	mention	30 min	14	21d	Riluzole	OFT:NC,NR;W:FW; SI:RSI.
Zhang 2016*⁹²	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	220–240	10/10	mention	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,GV29	mention	10 min	28	28d	Fluoxetine	W:FW; SI:RSI.
Zhao 2005⁹³	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Male	200–230	8/8	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20,SP6	mention	20 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:GW.
Zheng 2013⁹⁴	CUMS	Wistar rats	Male	180–220	16/16	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	EA	GV20,GV24,EX-HNl	mention	20 min	14	14d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC
Zhou 2008⁹⁵	PSA	Wistar rats	Male	200 ± 20	10/10	mention	not mention	NOT SAME	MA	GV20,PC6,GV24,SP6	mention	10 min	14	14d	Doxepin	OFT:NC,NR.
Zhu 2015⁹⁶	CUMS	SD rats	Male	not mention	9/9	mention	not mention	SAME	EA	GV20, Anmian	mention	30 min	14	28d	Chlorimipramine	OFT:NC,NR;SI:RSI.
Zhuang 2007⁹⁷	CUMS & Solitary	SD rats	Female/Male	220–290	12/12	mention	not mention	SAME	MA	GV20,BL15,BL18	mention	15 min	21	21d	Fluoxetine	OFT:NC,NR; W:FW; SI:CSI.

Notes: CFSS: chronic forced swim stress model; CRS: chronic restraint stress model; CUMS: chronic unpredictable mild stress model; CSI:capacity of sucrose intake; EA:electroacupuncture; EAAT1 model:lateral ventricle injection excitatory amino acid transporter 1 antagonists model; EAAT2 model: prefrontal cortex injection excitatory amino acid transporter 2 antagonists model; FW: final weight; GW:gain weight; IA model:intracerebroventricular injection of ibotenic acid model; L-AAA:lateral ventricle injection L-α-aminoadipic acid model; LH: learned helpless model; MA: manual acupuncture; NC: the number of crossings; NOT SAME: intervention after or in the process of modeling. NR: the number of rearings; OFT:open field test; PSA: pre-shocked animals; RSI:rate of sucrose intake; SAME:intervention and modeling at the same time;SI:sucrose intake; W:weight;

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Table 1 Characteristics of the studies included.

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