Figure 1

The upper three panels are the time maps of (a) open magnetic flux, (b) outward open magnetic flux, and (c) inward open magnetic flux. The lower three panels show (d) the sunspot butterfly diagram, (e) the total open magnetic flux area versus sunspot number (SSN), and (f) the low-latitude open magnetic flux area versus the SSN. The open flux area is in units of pixel (1 pixel = rΔϕΔ(sin λ)), and the sunspot area is in units of one millionth of the surface area of solar hemisphere. All parameters are plotted as a function of time from 1976 to 2014, and follows the horizontal axis of the bottom panel.