Table 1 Demographic, perinatal and child characteristics by mode of delivery in the population-based study.

Characteristics	Vaginal delivery		CS without indications		CS for fetal complications		CS for maternal complications		CS for other reasons
Characteristics	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
Gender (boys)	3541	53	1234	52	1307	54	142	53	490	54
Age (yrs)
5–6	304	5	158	7	130	5	12	4	61	7
7–8	2639	40	1010	43	1051	43	118	44	368	41
9–10	2639	40	896	38	897	37	107	40	342	38
11–12	1095	16	305	13	346	14	30	11	131	15
Birth weight (g)
2500–2999	838	13	257	11	289	12	74	28	103	11
3000–3499	2989	45	1048	44	876	36	103	39	396	44
3500–3999	1848	28	808	34	766	32	78	29	291	32
≥4000	515	8	188	8	452	19	8	3	87	10
Newborn resuscitation	25	0	53	2	1	0	23	9	102	11
Feeding in the first 4 months
exclusive breastfeeding	4492	67	1270	54	1373	57	134	50	537	60
mixed feeding	1341	20	684	29	715	29	80	30	224	25
exclusive formula feeding	775	12	399	17	319	13	53	20	134	15
Passive smoking
no	1835	27	595	25	739	30	72	27	237	26
occasionally	3462	52	1218	51	1199	49	129	48	444	49
frequently	1327	20	550	23	472	19	66	25	219	24
Asthma	177	3	111	5	92	4	14	5	34	4
Allergic rhinitis	427	6	465	20	64	3	64	24	153	17
Gestational diabetes	80	1	64	3	86	4	45	17	28	3
Maternal educational level (yrs)
≤9	2650	40	445	19	442	18	53	20	244	27
10–12	1765	26	633	27	631	26	55	21	206	23
13–16	1902	28	1155	49	1223	50	138	52	397	44
≥17	147	2	88	4	98	4	14	5	35	4
Paternal education level (yrs)
≤9	2320	35	393	17	366	15	42	16	219	24
10–12	2021	30	688	29	673	28	70	26	233	26
13–16	1890	28	1112	47	1167	48	131	49	371	41
≥17	292	4	146	6	186	8	18	7	60	7
Family income (10 thousand RMB/yr)
<3.0	687	10	130	5	105	4	20	7	58	6
3.0–9.9	2257	34	655	28	676	28	77	29	268	30
10.0–29.9	1472	22	730	31	745	31	80	30	250	28
≥30.0	2089	31	793	33	842	35	85	32	305	34

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