Figure 1
From: Carnot efficiency is reachable in an irreversible process
Schematic and model of the FSR. (a) Schematic of the FSR. Vanes and a pawl are in contact with thermal baths of temperatures T 1 and T 2, respectively. x and y are the angles of the vanes and pawl, respectively. A constant load F hangs from the axle of the vanes. The ratcheting interaction between the vanes and the pawl occurs outside of the baths, as illustrated in the boxed area. Cross-sectional image: the ratcheting function is achieved by collision between the symmetric vanes and an angled pawl. −∇U is a restoring force pulling down the pawl. (b) Schematic of the FSR model. One-dimensional vanes (the pawl) move only horizontally (vertically), and are in contact with thermal bath T 1 (T 2). x is the position of one vane, y is the height from the bottom of the vanes to the tip of the pawl, F is a constant external force, x 0 is the distance between neighboring vanes, h is height of a vane, and θ is angle of the pawl. The pawl is pulled down by a spring.
