Figure 3
From: Carnot efficiency is reachable in an irreversible process
Efficiency, entropy production (EP) rate, and power. (a) The properly scaled dimensionless efficiency \(\mathop{\eta }\limits^{ \sim }=\eta /{\eta }_{{\rm{C}}}\), (b) the EP rate \(\dot{\mathop{S}\limits^{ \sim }}={\langle \dot{S}\rangle }_{s}/[{N}_{c}{e}^{-{U}_{0}/{T}_{1}}({\eta }_{{\rm{C}}}{U}_{0}/{T}_{2})]\), and (c) the power \(\dot{\mathop{W}\limits^{ \sim }}={\langle \dot{W}\rangle }_{s}/[{N}_{c}{e}^{-{U}_{0}/{T}_{1}}({\eta }_{{\rm{C}}}{U}_{0}/{T}_{2}){T}_{1}]\) are plotted against the dimensionless external load z = Fx 0 T 2/(η C U 0 T 1) (solid lines). Four special points are denoted as z p (maximum power), z m (maximum efficiency), z e (minimum EP rate), and z s (stalling: r f = r b). We take T 1 = 2, T 2 = 1, U 0 = 5, x 0 = 2, N c = 0.045, N 0/N c = 2.4 and vary F from 0 to 3.5. In the region of z m < z < z e, the larger the irreversibility \({\langle \dot{S}\rangle }_{s}\), the higher the efficiency η. Simulation data averaged over 10 steady states up to the simulation time τ = 2 × 1011 are denoted by symbols for various values of the mass ratio: m p/m = 10−1(∇), 10−2(○), and 10−3(□). Error bars denote standard deviation.
