Table 1 Comparison of graphene reduction by different biological reducing agents.
Bio-reducing Material | Reduction Condition | ID/IG ratio | Doping | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Amino Acid | ||||
L-Glutathione | 50 °C, 6 h | — | — | |
L-Cysteine | NaOH, RT, 72 h | 1.17 | Adsorbed | |
Glycine | 95 °C, 36 h | 1.09 | N-doped | |
L-Lysine | 95 °C, 9 h | 1.11 | N-doped | |
Microorganisms | ||||
Shewanella | Anaerobic, 72 h/Aerobic, 60 h | — | Adsorbed | |
E. coli | 37 °C, 48 h | 0.97 | — | |
Plant Extracts | ||||
Tea polyphenols | 90 °C, 2.5 h | — | Adsorbed | |
R. damascena | 95 °C, 5.5 h | 1.09 | Adsorbed | |
β carotene | 95 °C, 24 h. | 1.01 | — | |
Proteins | ||||
Bovine serum albumin | NaOH, 55–90 °C, 3–24 h | — | Adsorbed | |
Hormone (Melatonin) | NH3, 80 °C, 3 h | — | Adsorbed | |
Thermostable Peptide (Nisin) | 121 °C, 15 min | 1.22 | Adsorbed | This work |
