Figure 1
Palaeogeographic map at 55 Ma and compilation of bulk carbon isotopic (δ13C) records of the Palaeocene–Eocene deep-sea sediments. (a) Approximate palaeolocations of the sites newly analysed in this study (yellow stars). The circles filled in black indicate the sites providing the published data stacks in panel (b). The map was created using the GPlates software (http://www.gplates.org) version 1.2.0 with the EarthByte Global Rotation Model62 and the Global Time-Dependent Age Grid63, and Generic Mapping Tools software (https://www.soest.hawaii.edu/gmt/), version 4.5.864. (b) High-resolution bulk δ13C records from Deep Sea Drilling Project/ODP cores in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans obtained in two previous studies16, 28. The data plotted in blue are detrended in the original study16, whereas the magenta line reflects the raw data28. The alphabets partly with numbers represent CIEs corresponding to each hyperthermal event, which were assigned by Cramer et al.16. Although both δ13C time series are plotted in relative ages with respect to the onset of the PETM, the age models between the two previous reconstructions differ. The magnetic polarity zonations are from each of the original papers16, 28.
