Table 2 Results of linear mixed effects models for total energy expenditure.

Response	Predictor	Group	Equation	R² fixed	R² all	LogLik	AIC
Log of total energy expenditure	Submergence time	Males	−2.29 + log(x)1.30	0.82	0.94	42.11	−76.21
		Females/subadults	−2.27 + log(x)1.33	0.72	0.93	11.62	−15.23
		Large females	1.03 + log(x)0.43	0.67	0.75	101.82	−195.64
	Strokes RMW^a:4 sec; m ^b:30	Males	−3.12 + log(x)1.33	0.58	0.82	2.13	3.74
	Strokes RMW^a:4 sec; m ^b:30	Females/subadults	3.05 + log(x)0.03	0.40	0.49	−0.51	9.02
	Stroke RMW^a:1 sec; m ^b:100	Large females	1.77 + log(x)0.43	0.63	0.71	94.00	−180.00
	VeDBA AUC RM:1 sec; T:0.3	Males	−2.27 +S log(x)1.55	0.89	0.89	23.69	−39.39
	VeDBA AUC RM:0.4 sec; T:0.2	Females/subadults	−0.44 + log(x)1.33	0.91	0.93	22.75	−37.50
	ODBA AUC RM:3 sec; T:0.4	Large females	1.42 + log(x)0.43	0.70	0.75	104.41	−200.81

Relationships presented are between total oxygen consumption (ml kg⁻¹) with submergence time (min), dynamic body acceleration (g) or strokes. R² fixed is the amount of variation that is explained by the fixed variables (no random effects) in the model. R² all is the amount of variance that is explained by the fixed variables and the random effects (such as individual animal) in the model. ^aRMW: running mean window; ^b m: number of consecutive points before a peak (see Ladds et al. 2017²⁷ for an explanation).

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