Figure 2 | Scientific Reports

Figure 2

From: Limits of Predictability of Cascading Overload Failures in Spatially-Embedded Networks with Distributed Flows

Figure 2

Node sensitivity in the UCTE network. (a) G vs. \({\sum }_{i}{\ell }_{i}^{initiator}\). (b) G vs. \({\sum }_{i}{k}_{i}^{initiator}\). (c) Contour plot of 2r region. (d) Contour plot of 3r region. (e) Visualization of variability for small changes in the target set for spatially-clustered attacks on the UCTE network. Case 1 and Case 2 visualize the avalanche of failed nodes (blue) triggered by the removal of two distinct sets of nine-spatially-localized-nodes (red) from the same 2r region, with α = 0.1.

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