Figure 3 | Scientific Reports

Figure 3

From: Limits of Predictability of Cascading Overload Failures in Spatially-Embedded Networks with Distributed Flows

Figure 3

Spatially-concentrated and distributed (random) attacks in N-stable and (N-1)-stable UCTE networks. For each n there are 5 realizations of random attacks. The tolerance parameter of the N-stable system is α = 0.5927, and for the (N-1)-stable ε = 0.1. (c) Visualization of 1r (red circle) and 2r (blue circle) regions used for spatially localized attacks in the UCTE network, where the distance is calculated from the geographic center of the network (red dot).

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