Figure 4 | Scientific Reports

Figure 4

From: Biomimetically engineered Amphotericin B nano-aggregates circumvent toxicity constraints and treat systemic fungal infection in experimental animals

Figure 4The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

In vitro toxicity tests: (A) Hemolysis caused by AmB-NA upon their interaction with human RBCs. The extent of damage incurred to blood erythrocytes by AmB-NA was measured as percentage lysis of total erythrocytes (B) Intracellular K+ leakage incurred by human RBCs upon exposure to various AmB formulations. (C) Dose-response effects of AmB nano-formulation on cytotoxicity against (a) HEK-293cells (b) J774A.1 cells. The cells were exposed to two forms of AmB-NA for 24 hr. MTT values were normalized to the control untreated cells. Data are reported as means ± standard deviation of quadruplet. Fungizone, AmBisome and pure AmB were taken as controls. (D) Representative photomicrograph of J774A.1 cell line treated with (i) 25 µg/mL, (ii) 50 µg/mL, (iii) 100 µg/mL and (iv) 200 µg/mL concentration of AmB-NA for 24 hr. (E) LDH release induced by various AmB formulations, as a function of membrane damage in macrophage J774 A.1. The LDH release was detected by measuring the absorbance of colored complex at 500 nm. Triton X-100 (0.1%) was used as a positive control. Fungizone, AmBisome and pure AmB powder used in preparation of the complex were taken as controls. Data represented are pooled from three different experiments. Each data point is an average ± SD. Aloe vera leaf extract showed no change in any of the parameters tested (data not shown).

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