Table 1 Anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of study participants. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. P-value for differences between time points before and after VLCD was determined using paired Student’s test.

Weight (kg)

95.1 ± 13.4

88.2 ± 12.3

88.5 ± 12.6

<0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

34.9 ± 3.8

32.5 ± 3.5

32.6 ± 3.8

<0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

106.9 ± 10.6

101.2 ± 9.4

100.5 ± 9.3

<0.001

Hip circumference (cm)

118.5 ± 12.6

113.9 ± 10.8

114.4 ± 11.5

<0.001

Lean mass (kg)

52.7 ± 5.7

50.0 ± 5.5

50.9 ± 5.3

<0.001

Fat mass (kg)

42.5 ± 8.8

38.2 ± 7.9

37.6 ± 8.4

<0.001

RMR (kJ/day)

7,016 ± 109

6,689 ± 707

7,061 ± 716

0.07

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.9 ± 1.0

4.2 ± 0.8

4.8 ± 0.9

<0.001

HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.3 ± 0.2

1.1 ± 0.2

1.3 ± 0.3

<0.001

LDL-c (mmol/L)

3.1 ± 0.9

2.6 ± 0.7

2.9 ± 0.8

<0.001

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.4 ± 0.7

1.1 ± 0.5

1.3 ± 0.7

0.05

LDL/HDL

2.4 ± 0.8

2.3 ± 0.7

2.2 ± 0.7

0.68

NEFA (mmol/L)

0.6 ± 0.2

0.7 ± 0.2

0.5 ± 0.2

0.03

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

4.8 ± 0.7

4.5 ± 0.6

4.7 ± 0.6

<0.001

Glucose 120 minutes (mmol/L)

6.5 ± 2.4

6.8 ± 1.3

not assessed

0.16

Fasting insulin (pmol/L)

63.7 ± 44.6

44.3 ± 20.6

59.7 ± 62.9

<0.001

HOMA-IR

2.05 ± 1.52

1.29 ± 0.68

1.77 ± 1.82

<0.001

hsCRP (µg/L)

3.1 ± 3.7

1.7 ± 1.6

2.7 ± 2.6

<0.01

HMW Adiponectin (µg/L)

4.1 ± 2.2

4.7 ± 2.7

4.9 ± 2.8

<0.01

Leptin (µg/L)

43.8 ± 25.2

20.9 ± 16.1

25.9 ± 20.3

<0.001

RANTES (µg/L)

47.6 ± 19.3

45.6 ± 22.6

39.8 ± 24.1

0.28

MCP-1 (ng/L)

82.1 ± 32.6

84.5 ± 23.4

89.1 ± 25.5

0.5

Chemerin (µg/L)

77.6 ± 25.7

64.8 ± 20.2

75.7 ± 21.1

<0.01

LBP (µg/L)

27.3 ± 3.3

25.8 ± 3.5

28.0 ± 3.5

<0.01

Calprotectin (µg/L)

424.9 ± 560.3

342.9 ± 351.6

142.9 ± 132.9

0.85