Figure 3

Study design. Participants were implanted with the device and randomized to either a paired VNS (n = 16) or control (n = 14) group. Participants performed the treatment at home for approximately 2.5 hours/day, 7 days/week. During the first 6-weeks, the implanted control group also received VNS but was unpaired from tones. After 6 weeks of blinded, controlled treatment, participants in the control group crossed over to receive paired VNS. After 6 weeks, participants in both groups received the paired VNS stimulation and were assessed until one year.