Figure 5 | Scientific Reports

Figure 5

From: Maternal intake of grape seed procyanidins during lactation induces insulin resistance and an adiponectin resistance-like phenotype in rat offspring

Figure 5

Respiratory quotient (RQ) (A), energy expenditure (EE) (B), carbohydrate oxidation (C), fat oxidation (D), spontaneous locomotor activity (E) and number of rearings (F) in male offspring of rats supplemented with GSPE or vehicle during lactation. Indirect calorimetric measurements were performed at day 83–84 of age with free access to water, in ad libitum conditions and during 20 hours (from 12.00 pm to 08.00 am) after allowed to become acclimated to the acrylic cages for 3.5 hours (from 08:30 am to 12:00 pm). Data are the mean ± SEM (n = 10–13). Two-way ANOVA analysis (2 × 2 factorial designs: diet (STD or CAF) × metabolic programming effect (vehicle or GSPE) was used to evaluate differences in these parameters. D: effect of the type of diet; P: metabolic programming effect of GSPE (two-way ANOVA, p < 0.05).

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