Figure 4
From: Associative visual learning by tethered bees in a controlled visual environment
Spontaneous preferences (pre-test) and learning-induced preferences (post-test) at the spherical treadmill [Experiment 2]. Choice performance (percentage of bees choosing a given stimulus or not making a choice +95% confidence interval) during the pre-test (left panels) and the post-test (right panels). Upper graph: paired group (n = 38); middle graph: CS group (n = 32); lower graph: US group (n = 32). Bars in (a),(b) and (c) show the percentage of bees choosing spontaneously the blue square (blue bar), the green disc (green bar) or not choosing (grey bar) in the pre-test. The paired group showed a spontaneous preference for the blue square. Bars in (d) show the percentage of bees choosing the CS+ (red bar), the CS− (black bar) or not choosing (grey bar) after conditioning (paired group). Bars in (e) and (f) show the percentage of bees choosing the blue square, the green disc or not choosing in the CS group and the US group, respectively (during training, there were no reinforcements in the CS group and no visual stimuli in the US group). Only the paired group (d) exhibited a significant variation in the percentage of bees choosing between stimulus alternatives. In this case, the percentage of bees choosing the CS+ was significantly higher. The inset in (d) shows that this higher proportion was independent of the nature of the stimulus chosen as CS+ (blue square, n = 19, or green disc, n = 19). Different lower-case letters above bars indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).
