Figure 7
From: Associative visual learning by tethered bees in a controlled visual environment
Spontaneous preferences and learning-induced preferences at the spherical treadmill for groups, which got different negative unconditioned stimuli (US) on the CS− [Experiment 3]. The graph shows the choice performance (percentage of bees choosing a given stimulus or not making a choice +95% confidence interval) during the pre-test (left panel in each graph) and the post-test (right panel in each graph). (a,b) distilled-water group (n = 33); (c,d) dry-toothpick group (n = 32); (e,f) quinine group (n = 32); (g,h) NaCl group (n = 32). Bars in (a,c,e,g) show the percentage of bees choosing spontaneously the blue square (blue bar), the green disc (green bar) or not choosing (grey bar) in the pre-test. The quinine group and the distilled-water group had a higher proportion of bees preferring the blue square compared to bees preferring the green disc. Bars in (b,d,f,g) show the percentage of bees choosing the CS+ (red bar), the CS− (black bar) or not choosing (grey bar) after conditioning. In both the quinine group and the distilled-water group a higher proportion of bees preferred the CS+ compared to bees preferring the CS−. The insets in (b) and (f) show that this higher proportion was independent of the nature of the stimulus chosen as CS+ (blue square or green disc). Different lower-case letters above bars indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).
