Table 3 Risk factors and the point system to predict five-year all-cause mortality for the older subjects with diabetes.

From: A Point-based Mortality Prediction System for Older Adults with Diabetes

Risk factors

Estimated coefficient

Hazard ratio (95% CI)

p value

Point

Agea

0.07

1.07 (1.07–1.07)

<0.001

 

 65–69

 

Ref.

 

0

 70–74

   

1

 75–79

   

2

 80–84

   

3

 85–89

   

4

 90–99

   

5

Male

0.53

1.70 (1.65–1.75)

<0.001

2

Ever smoker

0.12

1.13 (1.07–1.18)

<0.001

1

BMI (kg/m2)

 <18.5

0.78

2.19 (2.07–2.31)

<0.001

3

 18.5–21.9

0.42

1.52 (1.47–1.58)

<0.001

2

 22–23.9

0.20

1.22 (1.18–1.27)

<0.001

1

 24–29.9

 

Ref.

 

0

 ≥30

0.03

1.03 (0.98–1.09)

0.253

0

Fasting glucose (mg/dl)b

 <70

0.29

1.34 (1.21–1.48)

<0.001

1

 70–139

 

Ref.

 

0

 140–159

0.12

1.13 (1.09–1.17)

<0.001

1

 160–199

0.21

1.23 (1.19–1.28)

<0.001

1

 ≥200

0.37

1.44 (1.39–1.50)

<0.001

2

SBP (mmHg)

 <110

0.15

1.16 (1.09–1.23)

<0.001

1

 110–119

0.03

1.04 (0.99–1.08)

0.132

0

 120–159

 

Ref.

 

0

 160–169

0.00

1.00 (0.95–1.06)

0.889

0

 ≥170

0.04

1.04 (0.99–1.10)

0.155

0

DBP (mmHg)

 <80

 

Ref.

 

0

 80–89

0.08

1.08 (1.05–1.11)

<0.001

1

 ≥90

0.16

1.18 (1.13–1.22)

<0.001

1

TCHOL (mg/dl)c

 <140

0.17

1.18 (1.13–1.23)

<0.001

1

 140–149

0.14

1.15 (1.09–1.21)

<0.001

1

 150–239

 

Ref.

 

0

 ≥240

0.05

1.05 (1.00–1.09)

0.035

1

TG (mg/dl)d

 <120

−0.02

0.98 (0.94–1.03)

0.426

0

 120–159

0.02

1.02 (0.97–1.07)

0.471

0

 160–199

 

Ref.

 

0

 200–239

−0.05

0.95 (0.90–1.01)

0.105

0

 ≥240

0.01

1.01 (0.96–1.07)

0.667

0

Hb (g/dl)e

 <12

0.71

2.03 (1.95–2.11)

<0.001

3

 12–12.9

0.33

1.40 (1.34–1.46)

<0.001

1

 13–13.9

0.19

1.21 (1.16–1.26)

<0.001

1

 ≥14

 

Ref.

 

0

Alb (g/dl)f

 <3.5

1.29

3.64 (3.49–3.80)

<0.001

4

 3.5–3.9

0.66

1.93 (1.87–1.99)

<0.001

2

 ≥4.0

 

Ref.

 

0

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

 ≥100

0.25

1.29 (1.11–1.50)

0.001

1

 60–99

 

Ref.

 

0

 45–59

0.07

1.07 (1.04–1.11)

<0.001

1

 30–44

0.20

1.23 (1.18–1.27)

<0.001

1

 <30

0.55

1.73 (1.65–1.81)

<0.001

2

WBC (/μL)

 <8,200

 

Ref.

 

0

 8,200–9,999

0.26

1.29 (1.25–1.34)

<0.001

1

 ≥10,000

0.42

1.53 (1.46–1.60)

<0.001

2

GPT (U/L)

 <40

 

Ref.

 

0

 40–79

0.08

1.08 (1.04–1.13)

<0.001

1

 80–119

0.33

1.39 (1.28–1.51)

<0.001

1

 ≥120

0.42

1.52 (1.37–1.67)

<0.001

2

UA (mg/dl)g

 <3.5

0.08

1.09 (1.01–1.16)

0.019

1

 3.5–6.9

 

Ref.

 

0

 7–8.9

0.05

1.06 (1.02–1.09)

0.001

1

 ≥9

0.21

1.23 (1.17–1.29)

<0.001

1

  1. Note: the hazards ratios were estimated by using the multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. aThe age was divided into six categories as shown in Table 3. The regression coefficient was assessed by treating age as a dummy variable (65–69: 0; 70–74: 1; 75–79: 2; 80–84: 3; 85–89: 4; 90–99: 5). For the point calculation, we added 1 to each higher rank of age categories. Then, we let 5 multiply the regression coefficient of age as a reference to transform the regression coefficient in each significant category of investigated covariates into a risk point estimate. Ref., reference group; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TCHOL, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; Hb: hemoglobin; Alb: albumin; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; WBC, white blood cell count; GPT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase; UA, uric acid. bmg/dl × 0.0555 = mmol/L (US units to SI units). cmg/dl × 0.0259 = mmol/L (US units to SI units). dmg/dl × 0.0113 = mmol/L (US units to SI units). emg/dl × 0.6206 = mmol/L (US units to SI units). fg/dl × 10 = g/l (US units to SI units). gmg/dl × 0.0168 = µmol/L (US units to SI units).
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