Table 1 Anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of NGT, prediabetes and T2D groups.

Age (years)

52.21 ± 12.89

52.96 ± 12.22

51.20 ± 11.23

<0.001

Male (%)

59.71

61.15

59.78

0.754

BMI (kg/m²)

23.30 ± 3.53

25.09 ± 5.19

25.14 ± 3.93

<0.001

Smoker (%)

35.11

27.16

33.60

<0.001

Drinker (%)

34.39

32.54

35.08

0.480

Family history of diabetes (%)

8.32

17.30

22.62

<0.001

Hypertension (%)

22.89

33.50

35.78

<0.001

FPG (mmol/l)

5.09 ± 0.66

6.16 ± 0.53

9.72 ± 3.21

<0.001

OGTT2h (mmol/l)

6.43 ± 0.95

8.74 ± 1.46

17.61 ± 5.56

<0.001

HbA1C (%)

5.57 ± 0.40

5.94 ± 0.60

8.79 ± 2.37

<0.001

FPI (mmol/l)

7.88 (5.38–11.45)

9.54 (6.58–13.98)

9.46 (6.14–14.35)

<0.001

HOMA-β

85.87 (59.54–122.59)

73.94 (49.63–113.47)

36.15 (19.07–62.75)

0.067

HOMA-IR

1.90 (1.26–2.76)

2.58 (1.76–3.84)

3.84 (2.53–6.01)

<0.001

Total cholesterol (mmol/l)

4.39 (3.57–5.14)

4.69 (3.87–5.42)

4.61 (3.98–5.32)

<0.001

Triglyceride (mmol/l)

1.12 (0.8–1.57)

1.30 (0.89–1.86)

1.38 (0.95–2.11)

<0.001

HDL-c (mmol/l)

1.25 (0.98–1.54)

1.21 (0.98–1.5)

1.11 (0.89–1.4)

<0.001

LDL-c (mmol/l)

2.58 (2.04–3.19)

2.74 (2.1–3.34)

3.02 (2.36–3.67)

0.550

Mg (mg/l)

22.12 ± 2.78

21.42 ± 2.97

19.84 ± 3.47

<0.001

Ca (mg/l)

73.14 ± 9.56

71.10 ± 9.83

68.60 ± 11.28

<0.001