Table 2 Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cancer incidence among participants with different perceived stress levels.

From: Perceived stress level and risk of cancer incidence in a Japanese population: the Japan Public Health Center (JPHC)-based Prospective Study

Perceived stress level

HR (95% CI)

Model 1*

Model 2†

Model 3£

Stress level at baseline

All

Low

Reference

Reference

Reference

Medium

1.02 (0.98–1.07)

1.01 (0.97–1.06)

1.01 (0.97–1.06)

High

1.06 (1.00–1.11)

1.05 (0.99–1.10)

1.02 (0.96–1.07)

P for trend

0.0472

0.1042

0.5833

Males

Low

Reference

Reference

Reference

Medium

1.01 (0.95–1.06)

1.00 (0.95–1.06)

1.01 (0.95–1.06)

High

1.05 (0.98–1.12)

1.03 (0.96–1.11)

1.01 (0.95–1.09)

P for trend

0.1688

0.3435

0.6738

Females

Low

Reference

Reference

Reference

Medium

1.05 (0.98–1.12)

1.04 (0.97–1.11)

1.04 (0.97–1.12)

High

1.11 (1.02–1.21)

1.09 (1.00–1.20)

1.08 (0.98–1.18)

P for trend

0.0185

0.0464

0.1075

Dynamic stress level (allowing change of exposure group according to data from 5-year follow-up)

All

Low

Reference

Reference

Reference

Medium

1.05 (1.01–1.09)

1.05 (1.01–1.09)

1.04 (1.01–1.09)

High

1.09 (1.03–1.14)

1.08 (1.02–1.13)

1.06 (1.00–1.11)

P for trend

0.0009

0.0049

0.0482

Males

Low

Reference

Reference

Reference

Medium

1.08 (1.03–1.14)

1.08 (1.03–1.13)

1.07 (1.02–1.13)

High

1.14 (1.07–1.22)

1.13 (1.06–1.21)

1.10 (1.03–1.18)

P for trend

<0.0001

0.0001

0.0020

Females

Low

Reference

Reference

Reference

Medium

1.02 (0.96–1.08)

1.02 (0.96–1.08)

1.01 (0.95–1.08)

High

1.05 (0.96–1.14)

1.05 (0.96–1.14)

1.02 (0.93–1.10)

P for trend

0.2810

0.4666

0.7001

  1. *Estimated by a simply adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression model (using attained age as underlying time scale): adjusted for sex and stratified by study areas.
  2. †Estimated by semi-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression model (using attained age as underlying time scale): adjusted for sex and psychological-related factors (sleeping hours, perceived level of enjoyment, type A behavior pattern), and stratified by study areas.
  3. £Estimated by fully-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression model (using attained age as underlying time scale), adjusted for sex, psychologically related factors, and other known risk factors for cancer (body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, fruit/vegetable intake, living arrangement, physical activity, occupation, family history of cancer), and stratified by study area.
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