Table 3 Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cancer incidence in relation to long-term perceived stress level, determined by self-reported data from both baseline and 5-year follow-up.

From: Perceived stress level and risk of cancer incidence in a Japanese population: the Japan Public Health Center (JPHC)-based Prospective Study

Long-term perceived stress level

All (n = 79,301)

Males (n = 36,512)

Females (n = 42,789)

Observed cases

Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)*

Observed cases

Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)*

Observed cases

Fully adjusted HR (95% CI)*

Always low

944

Reference

560

Reference

384

Reference

Low or medium (never high)

2523

0.98 (0.90–1.05)

1554

1.01 (0.92–1.12)

969

0.93 (0.83–1.05)

Always medium

5636

1.00 (0.93–1.07)

3393

1.05 (0.96–1.15)

2243

0.94 (0.84–1.05)

First high then low/medium

1438

1.04 (0.96–1.14)

924

1.10 (0.99–1.23)

514

1.00 (0.87–1.15)

First low/medium then high

982

1.09 (1.00–1.20)

578

1.20 (1.07–1.35)

404

0.99 (0.85–1.14)

Always high

963

1.11 (1.01–1.22)

598

1.19 (1.05–1.34)

365

1.07 (0.92–1.25)

P for trend

 

0.0002

 

<0.0001

 

0.1227

  1. *Estimated by a fully adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression model (using attained age as underlying time scale), adjusted for sex (only for all), psychologically related factors, and other known risk factors for cancer (body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, fruit/vegetable intake, living arrangement, physical activity, occupation, family history of cancer), and stratified by study area.
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