Table 1 Chinook salmon deliberate and accidental releases in Patagonia since 1970 (a complete review spanning earlier introductions is available in Supplementary Table S1; modified from reference³⁵).

Chile, 1970, 1971Bueno, 40°SRío Chirri^1,2

50,000 (1970)²; 270,150 (1971)²

Subyearlings (8 mo, 15 g, 12 cm in 1970; 5 mo, 5.5–17 g, 6–12 cm in 1971)²

USA, Green River Hatchery² (Cowlitz River, lower Columbia River, Washington).

?

Agriculture and Livestock Service of the Government of Chile and the U.S. Peace Corps. First shipment by plane^2,3. Eggs were received at Lautaro Hatchery on December; stockings took place 36 (Sep 1970) or 23 weeks later (May 1971)².

Chile, 1978Coastal, 42°SChiloé Island, Curaco de Vélez^1,4–6

120,000 (late 1978)^4,5,7; 170,000^1,6

Smolts (1+; 70 g)^4,5

USA, Cowlitz River spring-run (lower Columbia River, Washington)⁷

Yes^4,5,7

Domsea Pesquera Chile Ltd. (Union Carbide Corporation, USA), began salmon ocean-ranching experimentation^1,5,6. In 1979, 334 returning jacks and 2 females were trapped^4,5. In the period 1979–1982, 1050 returnees of this release were recorded⁷.

Chile, 1979Same location⁵

190,000^4,5

Smolts (1+)^4,5

Idem⁷

Yes^4,5,7

Domsea Pesquera Chile Ltd.^4,5. In the period 1980–1982, 228 returnees of this release were recorded⁷.

Chile, 1980–1981Same location⁷

90,000 (late 1980, early 1981)⁷

Smolts (1+)⁷

USA, Bonneville Hatchery fall-run (Columbia River, Washington)⁷

Yes⁷

In the period 1981–1982, 260 returnees of this release were recorded⁷.

Chile, 1982Same location⁷

3000 (early 1982)⁷

Smolts (1+)⁷

USA, University of Washington’s Hatchery fall-run⁷

?

In 1981, Domsea Pesquera Chile Ltd. was sold to Fundación Chile (private, non-profit), and renamed Salmones Antártica Ltd.^1,6. Stocking continued at this location at least during the first year of the new administration.

Chile, 1982Same location⁷

>1.000.000 fish were being raised⁷, but their fate remains unknown to us.

Ova & subyearlings⁷

USA, University of Washington’s Hatchery fall-run⁷ and Bonneville Hatchery fall-run⁷; Chile, progeny from local returnees^1,6,7

?

Through October 1982, 1538 adults had returned to the hatchery from previous brood years. Returnee’s progeny (F2) was being raised at the facility along with fry from two additional importations⁷. However, we found no posterior records of fish release at this location.

Chile, 1982Coastal, 54°SRío Santa María^6–8

200,000^7,8

Fry⁷

USA, University of Washington’s Hatchery fall-run^6,7,9

?^6,9. Yes¹⁰

Fundación Chile through Salmones Antártica Ltd. launched new facility in the Magellan region subsequently destroyed by storm, and abandoned⁶. Jacks seen returning in 1983¹⁰.

Chile, 1983Prat, 51°SRío Prat¹¹

5,000¹¹

Smolts (1+)¹¹

USA¹¹, University of Washington’s Hatchery fall-run^9,12 (?); Chile, progeny from returnees at Curaco de Vélez and Astilleros, Chiloé^11,12.

Yes (~2.3%)¹¹

Fundación Chile through Salmones Antártica Ltd. launched another facility in the Magellan region with successfully returning spawners^6,8.

Chile,1987Same location¹¹

294,967¹¹ (USA origin); 40,042¹¹ (Chilean origin)

Smolts (1+)¹¹

USA¹¹, seemingly University of Washington’s⁹; Chile, progeny from returnees¹¹ at Río Prat (local), Curaco de Vélez, and Astilleros¹³

Yes (~0.07% until 1989)¹¹

Continuation of the above enterprise. In 1998 Fundación Chile and Salmones Antártica created Salmotec S.A.¹⁴.

Chile, 1989,1990, 1993Bueno 40°SEstero Huillín¹⁵

? (1989–1990); 3347 (Jan 1993)¹⁵

Smolts (0+)

? (1989–1990); Chile, progeny from 1992 returning adults (38 females + 12 males)¹⁵

Yes, at least from 1989–1990 stockings¹⁵

Universidad de Los Lagos’ experimentation at Piscicultura Experimental Lago Ranco¹⁵.

Chile, 1987–2000Coast, 39–45°SInner seas¹⁶

100,000¹⁷

Mostly subadults¹⁸

USA, Washington Sate^19,20; USA, Oregon State²¹; Canada, Vancouver Island²²; New Zealand²³; USA, Alaska²⁴ (?); Australia²⁵ (?)

Yes²⁶

Chinook stocks were imported primarily to the Lakes District Region for commercial net pen rearing. Last recorded importation in 2000.