Table 1 Mutation rates for various eukaryotic species.

From: Critical Mutation Rate has an Exponential Dependence on Population Size for Eukaryotic-length Genomes with Crossover

Species	Genome size (Mbp)	Mutation rate	Base/genome	Unit	Source
Human	3080	\(1\times {10}^{-8}\)–\(2.5\times {10}^{-8}\)	Per base	Per generation	49,56,57
Human	3080	\(1.75\times {10}^{2}\)	Per genome	Per generation	49
Human	3080	\(5\times {10}^{-11}\)–\(6\times {10}^{-2}\)	Per base	Per cell division	46,57
Human	3080	\(1.6\times {10}^{-1}\)	Per genome	Per cell division	46
Human (Y chromosome)	58	\(3\times {10}^{-8}\)	Per base	Per generation	61
Human, chimpanzee	3080	3	Per genome	Per generation	50
\(D.\) melanogaster	120	\(4.65\times {10}^{-9}\)–\(6.2\times {10}^{-8}\)	Per base	Per generation	47,48,51,57
\(D.\) melanogaster	120	\(9.9\times {10}^{-1}\)–1.2	Per genome	Per generation	47,50
\(Drosophila\) spp.	120	\(7\times {10}^{-2}\)	Per genome	Per generation	50
\(D.\) melanogaster	120	\(1.3\times {10}^{-10}\)–\(3.4\times {10}^{-10}\)	Per base	Per cell division	46,57
Quail, chicken	1050	\(4.9\times {10}^{-1}\)	Per genome	Per generation	50
Sheep, cow	2870	\(9\times {10}^{-1}\)	Per genome	Per generation	50
Old World Monkey		1.9	Per genome	Per generation	50
Mouse, rat	2640	\(9.1\times {10}^{-1}\)	Per genome	Per generation	50
Mouse	2640	\(1.8\times {10}^{-10}\)	Per base	Per cell division	46
Mouse	2640	\(1.1\times {10}^{-8}\)	Per base	Per generation	46
\(S.\) cerevisiae	12.1	\(3.3\times {10}^{-10}\)	Per base	Per generation	57
\(S.\) cerevisiae	12.1	\(3.3\times {10}^{-10}\)	Per base	Per cell division	52
Average mammalian		\(2.2\times {10}^{-9}\)	Per base	Per genome/year	55
Mammalian upper bound		\(2.61\times {10}^{-9}\)	Per base	Per genome/year	55
\(C.\) elegans	100	\(8.4\times {10}^{-9}\)–\(2.1\times {10}^{-8}\)	Per base	Per generation	47,53,58
\(C.\) elegans	100	2.9	Per genome	Per generation	52
\(A.\) thaliana	157	\(7.1\times {10}^{-9}\)	Per base	Per generation	54
\(A.\) thaliana	157	\(6.5\times {10}^{-9}\)	Per base	Per generation	58

Mutation rate estimates were obtained by comparing pseudogenes (genes that do not code for proteins or are never expressed) in humans and chimpanzees⁴⁹, combining the results of theoretical and empirical studies⁵⁵, mutation accumulation and radiation experiments⁵¹, direct sequencing of the human Y chromosome⁶¹, computational analysis of genes from species of placental mammals⁵⁵, whole-genome shotgun sequencing of mutation accumulation lines of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster ^48,51 and the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans ⁵³, examination of sequence variation in the human genome⁵⁶, scanning the mitochondrial genome of D. melanogaster ⁴⁷, study of the complete genome of five Arabidopsis thaliana lines⁵⁴, and complete genome sequencing of the yeast Sacccharomyces cerevisiae ⁵². Other sources listed contain a range of estimates^57,58.

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Table 1 Mutation rates for various eukaryotic species.

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