Table 3 HRs (95% CIs) for the association between gallstone disease and incident type 2 diabetes according to the combined categories of duration since the first diagnosis and treatment status at baseline.

From: Gallstone Disease and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

 

Person-years

Cases

HRs (95% CIs)

Total

 ≤5 years, no treatment

95,516

504

1.25 (1.14−1.37)

 ≤5 years, still on treatment

20,326

82

1.21 (0.97−1.51)

 >5 years, no treatment

103,934

475

1.06 (0.96−1.16)

 >5 years, still on treatment

13,057

68

1.48 (1.16−1.88)

Men

 ≤5 years, no treatment

27,077

121

1.13 (0.94−1.35)

 ≤5 years, still on treatment

4,966

19

1.13 (0.72−1.78)

 >5 years, no treatment

25,307

98

0.99 (0.81−1.21)

 >5 years, still on treatment

2,584

13

1.40 (0.81−2.42)

Women

 ≤5 years, no treatment

68,439

383

1.31 (1.18−1.45)

 ≤5 years, still on treatment

15,360

63

1.25 (0.97−1.60)

 >5 years, no treatment

78,627

377

1.08 (0.97−1.20)

 >5 years, still on treatment

10,473

55

1.50 (1.15−1.96)

  1. HR indicates hazard ratio; and CI, confidence interval.
  2. The reference group was participants without GSD at baseline. Multivariable model was adjusted for age (years), sex (for the whole cohort), level of education (no formal school, primary school, middle school, high school, college, or university or above), marital status (married, widowed, divorced/separated, or never married), alcohol consumption (never, former, current weekly, current daily <15, 15–29, 30–59, or ≥60 g per day), smoking status (never, former, current daily <15, 15–24, or ≥25 cigarettes or equivalents per day; former smokers who stopped smoking for illness were included in the current smoker category to avoid misleadingly elevated risk), level of physical activity (MET-hours/day), intake frequencies of red meat, fresh fruits, and vegetables (daily, 4–6 days/week, 1–3 days/week, monthly, or rarely or never), prevalent hypertension (yes or no), family history of diabetes (yes or no), menopausal status (premenopausal, perimenopausal, or postmenopausal; for women only), body-mass index (kg/m2), and waist circumference (cm).
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