Table 1 General linear and linear regression models (GLMs and LRMs) testing the effects of year, warming treatment (warm), and their interaction on the phenologies of C. ciliata overwintering adults and P. × acerifolia leaves, and on the life-history traits of the overwintering adults and their progeny.

From: Spring warming increases the abundance of an invasive specialist insect: links to phenology and life history

Category

Response variable

Source of variation

df

F-value

P-value

Phenologies

AR1

Year

1, 48

17.53

<0.001

Warm

1, 48

40.33

<0.001

Year × Warm

1, 48

0.04

0.835

AR2

Year

1, 48

28.25

<0.001

Warm

1, 48

47.11

<0.001

Year × Warm

1, 48

18.47

<0.001

LP2

Year

1, 48

19.25

<0.001

Warm

1, 48

52.28

<0.001

Year × Warm

1, 48

5.82

0.02

LP3

Year

1, 48

23.94

<0.001

Warm

1, 48

75.63

<0.001

Year × Warm

1, 48

46.36

<0.001

PSI of AR1/LP2

Year

1, 48

0.07

0.795

Warm

1, 48

0.17

0.685

Year × Warm

1, 48

2.73

0.106

PSI of AR2/LP3

Year

1, 48

1.84

0.182

Warm

1, 48

0.07

0.795

Year × Warm

1, 48

0.04

0.852

Longevity and fecundity of overwintering adults

Longevity

Year

1, 48

0.03

0.855

Warm

1, 48

6.32

0.016

Year × Warm

1, 48

3.18

0.081

Oviposition period

Year

1, 48

64.07

<0.001

Warm

1, 48

0.17

0.678

Year × Warm

1, 48

0.26

0.610

Fecundity

Year

1, 48

1.90

0.175

Warm

1, 48

14.26

<0.001

Year × Warm

1, 48

0.30

0.587

Demography of overwintering adults

Gross fecundity rate

Year

1, 4

0.72

0.486

Warm

1, 4

187.68

0.045

Net fecundity rate

Year

1, 4

2.30

0.268

Warm

1, 4

6.32

0.241

Daily egg production

Year

1, 4

1.32

0.369

Warm

1, 4

1.19

0.472

Life-history traits of progeny

Egg hatch

Year

1, 48

0.11

0.742

Warm

1, 48

8.45

0.006

Year × Warm

1, 48

0.18

0.677

Developmental time of eggs

Year

1, 48

2.02

0.162

Warm

1, 48

76.08

<0.001

Year × Warm

1, 48

0.26

0.616

Nymph survival

Year

1, 48

0.70

0.407

Warm

1, 48

9.40

0.004

Year × Warm

1, 48

0.02

0.888

Developmental time of nymphs

Year

1, 48

0.14

0.706

Warm

1, 48

42.45

<0.001

Year × Warm

1, 48

0.53

0.472

Female percentage

Year

1, 48

47.00

<0.001

Warm

1, 48

0.24

0.623

Year × Warm

1, 48

0.10

0.758

  1. Year: 2014 and 2015. Warming treatment: heated and unheated. Phenological abbreviations (AR1, AR2, LP2, and LP3) are explained in Table 4. PSI is the phenological synchrony index that indicates the degree of synchrony between each pair of phenologies (either AR1/LP2 or AR2/LP3). PSI was calculated as the ratio of the relative phenophases of overwintering adults (the number of days after 1 March when AR1 or AR2 occurred) and plant leaves (the number of days after 1 March when LP2 or LP3 occurred). Significant results are shown in bold (P < 0.05).
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