Table 1 Mean value ± SD of the vigilance frequency and percentage of time spent on vigilance by individual red-crowned cranes for each sub-group of fixed and other explaining factors.

Habitat

S. salsa habitat

1.35 ± 1.05

20.59 ± 20.24

n = 154

Tall P. australis mosaic habitat

1.67 ± 1.56

18.93 ± 17.67

n = 90

Wildlife tourists

Yes

2.07 ± 1.64

30.31 ± 22.71

n = 31

no

1.38 ± 1.19

18.47 ± 18.34

n = 213

Age

Adult

1.66 ± 1.37

21.95 ± 20.05

n = 182

Juvenile

0.93 ± 0.68

14.17 ± 15.70

n = 62

Migratory season

Autumn

1.27 ± 0.91

18.34 ± 18.04

n = 86

Spring

1.58 ± 1.42

20.87 ± 19.96

n = 158

Time of day

Morning

1.55 ± 1.49

21.70 ± 22.06

n = 77

Noon

1.27 ± 0.88

18.16 ± 16.90

n = 127

Afternoon

1.94 ± 1.69

22.42 ± 20.71

n = 40

Family size

Family without juvenile

1.83 ± 1.64

22.51 ± 20.81

n = 50

Family with one juvenile

1.46 ± 1.04

20.35 ± 18.23

n = 83

Family with two juveniles

1.37 ± 1.27

19.86 ± 20.17

n = 96

Uncertain family in the flock

0.98 ± 0.71

22.42 ± 20.71

n = 15