Table 2 Comparison of reported works of all optical switching in insulator materials.

From: All-optical control of light on a graphene-on-silicon nitride chip using thermo-optic effect

Material

Principle

Integration

Operation mode

Switching time

Pump wavelength

Extinction ratio

FOM1 (nJ∙mm)

FOM2 (mW∙mm)

Ref.

Silica fiber

Kerr nonlinearity

No

Multi-mode

400 fs

1030 nm

2.8 dB

1710

>109

25

Silica fiber w/ graphene

Thermo-optic effect

No

Single mode

4 ms

980 nm

20 dB

2.2∙105a

55a

10

1540 nm

1.0∙105a

26a

Silica fiber w/ WS2

Thermo-optic effect

No

Single mode

7.3 ms

980 nm

15 dB

2.1∙105a

28.8a

11

Si3N4 waveguide

Thermo-optic effect

Yes

Single mode

5 µs

1550 nm

5.4 dB

50.4

10.1

15

Si3N4 waveguide

Kerr nonlinearity

Yes

Multi-mode

3.9 ps

1030 nm

2.2 dB

4.3

1.1∙106

9

Si3N4 waveguide w/ graphene

Thermo-optic effect

Yes

Single mode

253.0 ns

1555 nm

10 dB

3.0

12

this work

  1. aThese devices include a fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) whose length is unknown. Here we use the fiber length covered by graphene or WS2 as the typical device length. But one should note that the actual device length should include the fiber length of MZI.
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