Figure 5

Microbial co-occurrence based on i) skin type, normal to dry (a), normal to oily (b) and ii) skin exposure (c). Dots represent the co-occurrence percentage difference between two given microorganisms when comparing one skin type with another, at the intersection of row and column. Red denotes decreased co-occurrence percentage compared to normal (versus dry, ‘a’; and versus oily ‘b’) and unexposed (versus exposed, ‘c’) sites. Green denotes increase. e.g., the co-occurrence rate between S. aureus and the five studied microorganisms decreased, while the co-occurrence rate between S. epidermis and Pseudomonadaceae increased. The more negative the value, the weaker is the co-occurrence e.g., the value −10.334 represents relatively lower co-occurrence of Pseudomonadaceae and S. aureus at exposed sites versus unexposed sites, while the value 17, represents relatively higher co-occurrence of Pseudomonadaceae and S. epidermis at exposed sites versus unexposed sites. Co-occurrence rate = (the total number of studied sites with two co-occurring microorganism + the total number of studied sites with neither of two co-occurring microorganism)/total number of studied sites.