Figure 5

Generation of structure (r) via population processes. (A) A characteristic time series of an ABM simulation showing the prevalence of PCD+ (red) and PCD− (blue) as a fraction of the global carrying capacity as well as the value of r (purple). Populations decrease following disasters and r increases during the ensuing recovery. Migration and PCD reduce r and the prevalence of the PCD+ strain. (B) A contour plot shows the fraction of simulations won by PCD+ as a function of disaster probability and migration. More frequent disasters favor the PCD+ strain, but this is undermined by high rates of between-patch migration. The solid line represents equal competitiveness between PCD+ and − strains. One hundred simulations were run for each of the 340 parameter combinations. (C) The phenotypic diversity of PCD+ is consistently higher than PCD− strains across time. PCD+ strains are significantly more diverse than competing PCD− strains (p =< 0.01). Data are from simulations with PCD rates of 0.025 and a disaster frequency of 0.01. (D) The mean value of r and the fraction of wins by PCD+ are shown for two different migration probabilities. In both cases, r and the fraction of wins increases with disasters.