Figure 4

Magnitude and directionality of historical gene flow between regional populations of Plasmodium falciparum (A) and P. vivax (B and C). Estimates of median mutation-scaled pairwise migration rates obtained with the best-supported migration model for each species are shown next to the arrows. Migration models tested are described in Supplementary Fig. 13 and compared in Supplementary Tables 14 and 15; the major difference between the models shown in B and C is that the former assumes an out-of-Africa spread of P. vivax, whereas the latter assumes a Southeast Asian origin of this parasite. The geographic origins of mitochondrial lineages are indicated on the map at the country level using the same color code as those of Fig. 1 (for P. falciparum) and Fig. 2 (for P. vivax) to represent geographic regions. Maps were built using the open-access R software library rworldmap: mapping global data combined with the ggplot2 library, which are both available at http://www.R-project.org/ (R Core Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2017).