Table 1 Descriptive statistics of smartphone variables including WeChat usage.

Smartphone use in hours each week for private/leisure

M = 24.28, SD = 18.48; actual range: 2–100

Smartphone use in hours each week for business

M = 7.85, SD = 6.68; actual range: 0–30

Smartphone usage in hours each week for both leisure and business (added from the previous two items)

M = 32.13, SD = 22.03; actual range: 3–120

Smartphone Addiction (possible range: 10–60)

M = 34.43, SD = 9.01; actual range: 14–52

WeChat use in hours each week for private/leisure

M = 9.95, SD = 10.30; actual range: 1–50

WeChat use in hours each week for business

M = 3.85, SD = 6.63; actual range: 0–40

WeChat usage in hours each week for both leisure and business (added from the previous two items)

M = 13.80, SD = 14.22; actual range: 1–70

WeChat Addiction (possible range: 12–60)

M = 24.33, SD = 8.44; actual range: 12–45

WeChat Addiction Loss of Control (possible range: 6–30)

M = 12.64, SD = 4.49; actual range: 6–23

WeChat Addiction Social Problems (possible range: 6–30)

M = 11.69, SD = 4.21; actual range: 6–22

WeChat: Texting (possible range: 1–5)

M = 3.97, SD = 0.97; actual range: 2–5

WeChat: Voice Messaging (possible range: 1–5)

M = 2.67, SD = 0.96; actual range: 1–5

WeChat: Paying in the store (possible range: 1–5)

M = 3.54, SD = 0.85; actual range: 1–5