Table 1 Results of repeated-measures analyses on imputed (N = 153, 76 M) and non-imputed (N = 59, 26 M) data. Shown are multivariate and univariate tests for between-subject effects (multivariate Pillai’s Trace, F, p-value, and Cohen’s f ² computed from SPSS-produced partial η²). In imputed data, df₁ and df₂ for the F-statistic were 4, 141 and 1, 144 for multivariate and univariate tests, respectively, while in non-imputed ones these were 4, 47 and 1, 50, respectively. OE1 = Food diversity and aroma, OE2 = Engagement in cooking and household chores, OE3 = Scent intensity, and OE4 = Edible odors, awareness, and naming. Significant effects (p < 0.05) are highlighted in italics.

From: Effects of diversity in olfactory environment on children’s sense of smell

	Imputed data								Non-imputed data
	Gender	Age	Verbal fluency	Parental OA	OE 1	OE 2	OE 3	OE 4	Gender	Age	Verbal fluency	Parental OA	OE 1	OE 2	OE 3	OE 4
Multivariate tests
Pillai’s Trace	0.087	0.102	0.249	0.105	0.043	0.016	0.034	0.016	0.193	0.135	0.299	0.061	0.374	0.105	0.079	0.002
F	3.363	3.990	11.679	4.150	1.584	0.590	1.233	0.579	2.809	1.829	5.007	0.762	7.015	1.378	1.329	0.020
p	0.012	0.004	<0.001	0.003	0.182	0.670	0.300	0.678	0.036	0.139	0.002	0.555	<0.001	0.256	0.415	0.999
Cohen’s f ²	0.095	0.114	0.332	0.117	0.045	0.016	0.035	0.016	0.239	0.156	0.427	0.065	0.597	0.117	0.086	0.002
Univariate tests
Identification
F	8.013	9.991	0.271	5.648	2.832	0.184	2.489	0.106	6.341	5.734	2.143	0.938	13.913	0.473	0.833	0.001
p	0.005	0.002	0.604	0.019	0.095	0.669	0.117	0.745	0.015	0.020	0.149	0.337	<0.001	0.495	0.366	0.982
Cohen’s f ²	0.056	0.070	0.002	0.040	0.019	<0.001	0.017	0.001	0.127	0.115	0.043	0.018	0.279	0.009	0.016	<0.001
Discrimination
F	6.345	2.961	2.500	12.932	0.606	1.600	2.612	1.017	5.679	0.002	1.536	2.793	2.014	1.412	3.700	0.021
p	0.013	0.087	0.116	<0.001	0.438	0.208	0.108	0.315	0.021	0.968	0.221	0.101	0.162	0.240	0.060	0.886
Cohen’s f ²	0.044	0.020	0.017	0.089	0.004	0.011	0.018	0.007	0.114	<0.001	0.031	0.056	0.041	0.028	0.074	<0.001
Threshold
F	1.890	4.959	0.027	0.396	0.931	0.090	0.068	1.325	0.099	0.043	0.002	0.165	0.043	<0.001	0.016	0.017
p	0.171	0.028	0.869	0.530	0.336	0.765	0.794	0.252	0.754	0.837	0.962	0.686	0.837	0.998	0.901	0.897
Cohen’s f ²	0.013	0.034	<0.001	0.003	0.006	<0.001	<0.001	0.009	0.002	<0.001	<0.001	0.003	0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
COBEL
F	0.329	0.006	43.975	1.767	2.560	0.850	1.293	0.028	3.573	2.158	19.154	0.169	13.305	1.564	0.010	0.051
p	0.567	0.940	<0.001	0.186	0.112	0.358	0.257	0.868	0.065	0.148	<0.001	0.683	<0.001	0.217	0.922	0.822
Cohen’s f ²	0.002	<0.001	0.305	0.012	0.017	0.006	0.009	<0.001	0.072	0.043	0.383	0.003	0.266	0.031	<0.001	0.001

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