Table 2 Mean ± SD, range, and valid N for the repeated measures of age in months, age difference between 1st and 2nd testing, Sniffin’ Sticks TDI (threshold, discrimination, identification), and COBEL (total and its food, social, and environmental component). Further, verbal fluency (2nd testing only), olfaction-related activities (CATPCA object scores for the four factors), and mother’s and father’s odor awareness scores are shown in boys, girls, and the total sample. Shown are also t statistics and degrees of freedom for differences between boys and girls, and their effect sizes expressed as Cohen’s d. Significant findings are highlighted in italics. No corrections have been made for running multiple tests. Please note that the identification test was only comprised of 12 instead of the original 16 items.

From: Effects of diversity in olfactory environment on children’s sense of smell

  

Boys

Girls

Total

Gender difference

Theoretical range

Mean

SD

Range

N

Mean

SD

Range

N

Mean

SD

Range

N

t(df)

p

d

First testing

Age (months)

 

70.22

7.57

53–83

76

68.04

6.65

52–83

77

69.12

7.18

52–83

153

−1.90 (151)

0.06

0.31

Threshold

1–16

5.12

2.81

0.75–11.50

67

5.78

3.15

0.75–14

73

5.46

3.00

0.75–14

140

1.32 (138)

0.19

0.22

Discrimination

0–16

8.95

2.46

2–14

76

9.34

2.18

4–14

76

9.14

2.32

2–14

152

1.05 (150)

0.30

0.17

Identification

0–12

7.32

1.82

2–11

76

7.56

1.88

3–11

75

7.44

1.85

2–11

151

0.81 (149)

0.42

0.13

COBEL total

0–15

6.56

2.16

1.50–11

75

6.95

2.06

3–11

74

6.75

2.11

1.50–11

149

1.12 (147)

0.27

0.18

COBEL food

0–3

1.46

0.70

0–2.50

75

1.50

0.73

0–2.50

74

1.48

0.71

0–2.50

149

0.34 (147)

0.73

0.06

COBEL social

0–4

1.53

1.08

0–3.50

75

1.93

1.06

0–4

74

1.73

1.09

0–4

149

2.24 (147)

0.03

0.37

COBEL environmental

0–8

3.57

1.09

1–5.50

75

3.52

1.13

1–6

74

3.54

1.11

1–6

149

−0.26 (147)

0.80

0.05

Second testing

Age (months)

 

87.85

8.53

69–104

76

87.12

7.23

69–103

77

87.48

7.89

69–104

153

−0.57 (151)

0.57

0.09

Age difference (months)

 

18.44

3.52

12–26

76

19.28

3.44

12–25

77

18.86

3.49

12–26

153

1.50 (151)

0.14

0.24

Threshold

 

5.98

1.85

2–10

51

5.82

1.99

2–9.50

57

5.89

1.92

2–10

108

−0.44 (106)

0.66

0.08

Discrimination

 

10.16

2.54

5–16

62

11.13

2.47

5–15

63

10.65

2.54

5–16

125

2.16 (123)

0.03

0.39

Identification

 

7.40

1.75

2–11

63

8.18

1.60

5–12

62

7.78

1.72

2–12

125

2.60 (123)

0.01

0.47

COBEL total

 

6.53

2.03

2.50–11

61

7.02

2.34

2.50–13

62

6.78

2.20

2.50–13

123

1.24 (121)

0.22

0.22

COBEL food

 

1.59

0.69

0–2.50

61

1.55

0.78

0–2.50

62

1.57

0.74

0–2.50

123

−0.31 (121)

0.76

0.05

COBEL social

 

1.28

1.04

0–3.50

61

1.57

1.06

0–4

62

1.43

1.06

0–4

123

1.55 (121)

0.12

0.28

COBEL environmental

 

3.66

1.07

1.50–5.50

61

3.90

1.30

2–7

62

3.78

1.19

1,50–7

123

1.12 (121)

0.27

0.20

Verbal fluency

 

9.58

1.77

7–13

26

9.85

1.84

7–15

34

9.73

1.80

7–15

60

0.58 (58)

0.56

0.15

1 Food diversity and aroma

 

−0.04

0.93

−2.55–1.99

76

0.04

1.03

−2.42–1.99

77

0

0.98

−2.55–1.99

153

0.49 (151)

0.63

0.08

2 Engagement in cooking and household chores

 

−0.21

0.97

−2.19–2.32

76

0.21

0.94

−1.66–2.67

77

0

0.98

−0.2.19–2.67

153

2.71 (151)

<0.01

0.44

3 Scent intensity

 

0.01

0.97

−2.18–1.92

76

−0.01

0.99

−2.85–2.51

77

0

0.98

−0.2.85–2.51

153

−0.17 (151)

0.87

0.02

4 Edible odors, awareness, and naming

 

−0.07

1.06

−2.58–2.30

76

0.07

0.88

−2.37–2.23

77

0

0.98

−0.2.58–2.30

153

0.85 (151)

0.40

0.14

Mother’s OAS

32–158

119.35

12.42

91–139

49

120.67

11.49

85–147

54

120.04

11.90

85–147

103

0.56 (101)

0.58

0.11

Father’s OAS

32–158

113.44

12.95

79–137

43

109.77

16.52

77–146

39

111.70

14.78

77–146

82

−1.13 (80)

0.26

0.25

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