Figure 1

GA inhibited mBMSC osteogenic differentiation. (A) GA treatment (50 μM) led to a decrease of total sumoylated proteins in HEK293 cells and mBMSCs (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; n = 3). (B) GA treatment inhibited early and late osteogenic differentiation in mBMSC cultures as indicated by ALP staining and Alizarin Red S staining, respectively, and quantified on the right. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; n = 3). (C) Treatment of mBMSCs in osteogenic cultures with GA (50 μM) caused a decrease in osteoblast and osteocyte differentiation markers. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; n = 3).