Table 2 Risk factors for Dry Eye in Brazil.
From: Prevalence and Risk Factors of self-reported dry eye in Brazil using a short symptom questionnaire
Factors | Diagnosed dry eye [n = 317] | Severe symptoms [n = 151] | Previous dry eye + Severe symptoms [n = 398] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | |
Univariate analysis | |||||||||
Female sex | 1.49 | 1.15–1.92 | 0.003 | 1.85 | 1.25–2.74 | 0.002 | 1.54 | 1.22–1.95 | <0.0001 |
Age ≥40 years | 1.47 | 1.16–1.87 | 0.001 | 2.20 | 1.55–3.12 | <0.0001 | 1.68 | 1.36–2.09 | <0.0001 |
Age ≥60 years | 2.02 | 1.53–2.66 | <0.0001 | 2.83 | 1.98–4.04 | <0.0001 | 2.13 | 1.65–2.73 | <0.0001 |
Diabetes | 1.45 | 0.99–2.13 | 0.054 | 1.61 | 0.96–2.68 | 0.067 | 1.39 | 0.98–1.98 | 0.064 |
Connective tissue dis. | 1.93 | 1.23–3.02 | 0.004 | 2.24 | 1.25–3.99 | 0.006 | 2.04 | 1.36–3.07 | 0.001 |
Ocular surgery | 2.31 | 1.70–3.13 | <0.0001 | 3.46 | 2.37–5.06 | <0.0001 | 2.44 | 1.85–3.23 | <0.0001 |
Cancer treatment | 3.59 | 1.71–7.55 | 0.001 | 2.56 | 0.89–7.37 | 0.080 | 3.18 | 1.54–6.54 | 0.002 |
Contact lens wear | 1.82 | 1.31–2.53 | <0.0001 | 1.00 | 0.58–1.73 | 0.98 | 1.74 | 1.29–2.36 | <0.0001 |
Anti-allergy drug | 2.33 | 1.73–3.14 | <0.0001 | 2.65 | 1.79–3.92 | <0.0001 | 2.43 | 1.85–3.19 | <0.0001 |
Computer use >6 h | 1.49 | 1.16–1.92 | 0.002 | 1.14 | 0.79–1.64 | 0.48 | 1.39 | 1.10–1.75 | 0.005 |
Antidepressants | 2.21 | 1.57–3.09 | <0.0001 | 2.21 | 1.40–3.48 | 0.001 | 2.38 | 1.75–3.23 | <0.0001 |
Smoking | 1.44 | 0.83–2.48 | 0.18 | 1.91 | 1.10–3.31 | 0.020 | 1.25 | 0.83–1.88 | 0.281 |
Menopause | 1.92 | 1.37–2.68 | <0.0001 | 2.73 | 1.80–4.14 | <0.0001 | 2.12 | 1.56–2.87 | <0.0001 |
Multivariate analysis | |||||||||
Female sex | 1.47 | 1.12–1.93 | 0.005 | 1.91 | 1.28–2.84 | 0.001 | 1.53 | 1.20–1.96 | 0.001 |
Age ≥60 years | 2.00 | 1.44–2.77 | <0.0001 | 2.22 | 1.47–3.33 | <0.0001 | 2.06 | 1.53–2.78 | <0.0001 |
Ocular surgery | 1.84 | 1.30–2.60 | 0.001 | 2.57 | 1.66–3.95 | <0.0001 | 1.90 | 1.38–2.62 | <0.0001 |
Cancer treatment | 3.03 | 1.39–6.59 | 0.005 | — | — | — | 2.57 | 1.20–5.48 | 0.014 |
Contact lens wear | 1.93 | 1.36–2.73 | <0.0001 | — | — | — | 1.86 | 1.35–2.56 | <0.0001 |
Anti-allergy drug | 2.11 | 1.54–2.89 | <0.0001 | 2.77 | 1.85–4.14 | <0.0001 | 2.23 | 1.67–2.97 | <0.0001 |
Computer use >6 h | 1.77 | 1.36–2.31 | <0.0001 | — | — | — | 1.65 | 1.29–2.11 | <0.0001 |
Antidepressants | 1.61 | 1.12–2.31 | 0.009 | — | — | — | 1.73 | 1.24–2.40 | 0.001 |
Multivariate analysis–Female | |||||||||
Age ≥60 years | 2.35 | 1.60–3.45 | <0.0001 | 2.15 | 1.34–3.44 | 0.001 | 2.41 | 1.71–4.42 | <0.0001 |
Ocular surgery | 1.62 | 1.07–2.46 | 0.023 | 2.81 | 1.72–5.60 | <0.0001 | 1.88 | 1.29–2.75 | 0.001 |
Cancer treatment | 2.83 | 1.13–7.10 | 0.027 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Contact lens wear | 1.82 | 1.22–2.71 | 0.003 | — | — | — | 1.81 | 1.25–2.62 | 0.002 |
Anti-allergy drug | 2.00 | 1.40–2.87 | <0.0001 | 2.57 | 1.63–4.07 | <0.0001 | 2.04 | 1.46–2.85 | <0.0001 |
Computer use >6 h | 1.93 | 1.42–2.63 | <0.0001 | — | — | — | 1.78 | 1.34–2.37 | <0.0001 |
Antidepressants | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.53 | 1.04–2.24 | 0.001 |
Multivariate analysis–Male | |||||||||
Age ≥60 years | — | — | — | 3.13 | 1.52–6.41 | 0.002 | — | — | — |
Ocular surgery | 2.76 | 1.57–4.85 | <00.0001 | — | — | — | 2.19 | 1.28–3.75 | 0.004 |
Cancer treatment | 4.97 | 1.16–21.2 | 0.031 | — | — | — | 6.33 | 1.65–24.2 | 0.007 |
Contact lens wear | 2.65 | 1.37–5.15 | 0.004 | — | — | — | 2.06 | 1.09–3.89 | 0.024 |
Anti-allergy drug | 2.83 | 1.54–5.20 | 0.0.001 | 3.62 | 1.57–8.34 | 0.002 | 3.02 | 1.73–5.25 | <0.0001 |
Computer use >6 h | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Antidepressants | 3.93 | 2.01–7.68 | <0.0001 | — | — | — | 2.96 | 1.54–5.68 | 0.001 |
