Table 1 Representative proteins (gene names) that interact with polyphenols.
From: A computationally driven analysis of the polyphenol-protein interactome
Protein class | Number of interacting proteins | Total number and (unique polyphenols) |
|---|---|---|
Detoxification enzymes | ||
Cytochrome P450 (CYPs) | 44 | 249 (87) |
UDP-glucuronyl transferases (UGTs) | 21 | 162 (36) |
Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDHs) | 18 | 80 (25) |
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) | 12 | 301 (69) |
Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) | 11 | 162 (87) |
Sulfotransferases (SULTs) | 9 | 30 (17) |
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) | 9 | 26 (16) |
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHs) | 6 | 12 (5) |
Cysteine conjugate N-acetyltransferases (NATs) | 5 | 5 (2) |
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) | 5 | 17 (15) |
Glutathione peroxidase (GPxs) | 4 | 12 (9) |
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) | 2 | 92 (58) |
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMTs) | 2 | 24 (23) |
Carbonyl reductase (NADPH) (CBRs) | 2 | 8 (8) |
Aldehyde Oxidases (AOXs) | 1 | 17 (17) |
D-amino acid oxidases (DAO) | 1 | 3 (3) |
Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) | 1 | 1 (1) |
Quinone reductases (CRYZ) | 1 | 1 (1) |
Epoxide hydrolases (EHs) | 1 | 1 (1) |
Metabolism enzymes | ||
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDs) | 12 | 108 (62) |
Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGs) | 11 | 84 (51) |
Lipoxygenases (ALOXs) | 7 | 195 (102) |
NADPH oxidases (NOXs) | 2 | 48 (48) |
Xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) | 1 | 61 (61) |
Membrane transport proteins | ||
Solute carrier family (SLC) | 145 | 265 (46) |
ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCs) | 22 | 208 (95) |
Proton-translocating cytochrome oxidases (COX) | 6 | 7 (5) |
Acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOT) | 5 | 7 (4) |
GABA transporters (GAT) | 5 | 6 (4) |
Monoamine transporters (MAT) | 3 | 3 (2) |
Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) | 3 | 3 (1) |
Fatty acid transporter (FAT) | 3 | 3 (2) |
Nuclear receptors | ||
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs) | 5 | 27 (19) |
3-Ketosteroid receptors (NR3Cs) | 3 | 38 (27) |
Retinoid X receptor (RXRs) | 3 | 9 (8) |
Liver X receptor-like (NR1Hs) | 3 | 4 (3) |
Nerve Growth Factor IB-like (NR4As) | 3 | 4 (4) |
Testicular receptor (NR2Cs) | 3 | 3 (2) |
Oestrogen related receptors (ERs) | 2 | 130 (87) |
Retinoic acid receptor (RARs) | 2 | 19 (14) |
Thyroid hormone receptor (THRs) | 2 | 18 (9) |
Vitamin D receptor-like (NR1Is, VDR) | 2 | 15 (12) |
Dosage-sensitive sex reversal / small heterodimer partner (DAX/SHP, NR0Bs) | 2 | 4 (4) |
Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP/EAR, NR2Fs) | 2 | 2 (1) |
Reverse erbA (Rev-ErbA, NR1Ds) | 1 | 1 (1) |
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 (HNF4s) | 1 | 1 (1) |
G-Protein coupled receptors | ||
Rhodopsin-like receptors | 64 | 178 (77) |
Secretin receptor family | 5 | 8 (7) |
Metabotropic glutamate/pheromone receptors | 6 | 10 (6) |
Frizzled/Smoothened receptors | 3 | 4 (4) |
Other receptors | ||
Tumor necrosis factor (receptors) (TNFs) | 19 | 95 (61) |
ATP binding | ||
Myosin (MYHs, MYLs, MYOs) | 28 | 39 (6) |
Phosphoribulokinase/uridine kinase (PRKs) | 26 | 51 (14) |
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) | 23 | 119 (34) |
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) | 11 | 153 (62) |
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMKs) | 8 | 11 (4) |
Casein kinases (CKs) | 6 | 13 (8) |
A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) | 3 | 4 (4) |
Aurora kinases (AURKs) | 2 | 30 (26) |
Protein kinases B (AKTs) | 2 | 26 (24) |
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3s) | 2 | 16 (13) |
Meiotic checkpoint protein kinases (CHEKs) | 2 | 9 (6) |
DNA binding | ||
Histones (HISTs) | 47 | 59 (6) |
Signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STATs) | 7 | 27 (15) |
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARPs) | 4 | 30 (27) |
Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) | 4 | 27 (19) |
Diabetes | ||
AMP-activated protein kinase (PRKAs, PRKBs, PRKGs) | 7 | 11 (2) |
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs) | 5 | 27 (19) |
Histone deacetylases (HDAC) | 5 | 6 (4) |
Glycogen phosphorylase (PYGB, PYGL, PYGM) | 3 | 8 (4) |
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase (IKBKB, CHUK) | 2 | 7 (7) |
Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SLC5A2) | 1 | 6 (6) |
Free fatty acid receptor 1 / GPR40 (FFAR1) | 1 | 4 (4) |
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DDP-4) | 1 | 4 (4) |
X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) | 1 | 3 (3) |
Insulin receptor (INSR) | 1 | 2 (2) |
Alpha-glucosidase (GAA) | 1 | 2 (2) |
