Table 4 Univariate statistical analysis of urine samples.

From: Plasma and urinary metabolomic profiles of Down syndrome correlate with alteration of mitochondrial metabolism

Metabolites

DS (median)

CTRL (median)

DS/CTRL

p

pFDR

Cliff’s delta

1-Methylnicotinamide

70.40

77.76

0.91

0.158

0.303

Small

2-Hydroxyisobutyricacid

475.71

466.07

1.02

0.424

0.601

Negligible

3-Hydroxyisovalericacid

580.32

664.61

0.87

0.127

0.287

Small

4-Hydroxyphenylacetate

751.67

717.87

1.05

0.47

0.639

Negligible

Acetone

183.95

151.38

1.22

0.072

0.287

Small

Alanine

619.34

764.43

0.81

0.127

0.287

Small

Allantoin

261.45

249.15

1.05

0.213

0.344

Small

Asparagine

230.67

230.47

1

0.687

0.79

Negligible

Citrate

2473.96

2223.93

1.11

0.697

0.79

Negligible

Creatine

1943.68

710.51

2.74

0.582

0.707

Negligible

Creatine + Creatinine

55388.33

66245.63

0.84

0.095

0.287

Small

Creatinine

33745.47

35848.97

0.94

0.203

0.344

Small

Dimethylamine

3221.94

3170.58

1.02

0.274

0.424

Small

Dimethylglycine

1468.8

1505.89

0.98

0.725

0.795

Negligible

Ethanolamine

611.43

557.99

1.1

0.169

0.303

Small

Formate

168.84

201.72

0.84

0.162

0.303

Small

Fumarate

23.03

24.19

0.95

0.292

0.431

Small

Glutamate + Glutamine

11171.06

10468.04

1.07

0.136

0.29

Small

Glycine

2376.48

3336.31

0.71**

0.023

0.153

Medium

Glycolate

1749.97

1595.02

1.1

0.764

0.812

Negligible

Hippurate

1759.98

2848.18

0.62**

0.123

0.287

Small

Isoleucine

16.84

12.89

1.31*

0.838

0.863

Negligible

Leucine

84.61

98.17

0.86

0.053

0.256

Small

Lysine

2692.58

2793.75

0.96

0.114

0.287

Small

Phenylacetylglycine

3291.89

2429.73

1.35*

0.02

0.153

Medium

Taurine

5402.05

5789.23

0.93

0.12

0.287

Small

Trigonelline

70.38

96.77

0.73**

0.109

0.287

Small

Trimethylamine-N-Oxide

6546.7

4502.19

1.45*

0.011

0.153

Medium

Tyrosine

927.51

786.09

1.18

0.02

0.153

Medium

Valine

77.15

82.48

0.94

0.913

0.913

Negligible

  1. List of metabolites whose concentration levels (in arbitrary units) have been determined in all samples (DS, n = 51; CTRL, n = 20). The p-value (p) of the univariate Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test for each metabolite is reported together with the p-value calculated after false discovery rate correction (pFDR). The effect size, using the Cliff’s delta formulation, was also calculated to aid the identification of the meaningful signals giving an estimation of the magnitude of the separation between the different groups. Metabolites that show significant concentration differences in the two groups (p-value < 0.05) and/or show values in the interval next to 3:2 or 2:3 are reported in bold. *Values in the interval next to 3:2 (range 1.3–1.7). **Values in the interval next to 2:3 (range 0.58–0.76).
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