Table 1 Sociodemographic, health-related, and clinical characteristics of the participants by muscle mass and fat mass among the participants of the KNHANES IV-V from 2008 to 2011.

From: Association of muscle mass and fat mass with insulin resistance and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study

Characteristics

Low Muscle/ Low Fat (N = 4,591)

Low Muscle/ High Fat (N = 2,311)

High Muscle/ Low Fat (N = 2,956)

High Muscle/ High Fat (N = 4,949)

P-value

Sex, n(%)

<0.001

  Male

1,655 (36.1)

1,015 (43.9)

1,438 (48.7)

2,255 (45.56)

 

  Female

2,936 (63.9)

1,296 (56.1)

1,518 (51.3)

2,694 (54.44)

 

Age

39.4 (12.6)

47.9 (11.8)

40.4 (12.0)

45.9 (11.8)

<0.001

Education Level, n(%)

<0.001

  ≤Elementary

462 (10.1)

461 (20.1)

310 (10.5)

1,007 (20.4)

 

  Middle/High School

2,370 (52.0)

1,144 (49.8)

1,625 (55.2)

2,495 (50.6)

 

  ≥University/College

1,730 (37.9)

692 (30.1)

1,010 (34.3)

1,427 (29.0)

 

Employment Status, n(%)

<0.001

  Employed

2,794 (61.5)

1,459 (63.6)

2,048 (69.9)

3,317 (67.6)

 

  Unemployed†

1,751 (38.5)

834 (36.4)

881 (30.1)

1,588 (32.4)

 

Residential Area, n(%)

0.002

  Capital

1,260 (27.5)

599 (25.9)

743 (25.1)

1,202 (24.3)

 

  Metropolitan

964 (21.0)

455 (19.6)

662 (22.4)

1,022 (20.7)

 

  Town/City

2,367 (51.5)

1,257 (54.4)

1,551 (52.5)

2,725 (56.0)

 

Household Income, n(%)

<0.001

  Lowest Third

530 (11.7)

284 (12.4)

274 (9.4)

629 (12.8)

 

  Middle Third

2,575 (56.8)

1,269 (55.5)

1,679 (57.5)

2,834 (57.8)

 

  Highest Third

1,427 (31.5)

734 (32.1)

965 (33.1)

1,438 (29.4)

 

Smoking Status, n(%)

<0.001

  Non-Smoker

2,917 (63.9)

1,332 (57.9)

1,690 (57.4)

2,846 (57.7)

 

  Former Smoker

994 (21.8)

475 (20.7)

716 (24.3)

1,107 (22.4)

 

  Current-Smoker

657 (14.3)

493 (21.4)

541 (18.3)

983 (19.9)

 

Alcohol Consumption, n(%)

<0.001

 Non Drinker

1,936 (43.4)

1,007 (44.2)

1,068 (36.7)

2,047 (41.8)

 

 Drinker

2,524 (56.6)

1,274 (55.8)

1,843 (63.3)

2,848 (58.2)

 

 Sleep Duration (h/day)

7.05 (1.31)

6.87 (1.30)

6.85 (1.25)

6.78 (1.28)

<0.001

Physical Activity (MET-min)*

<0.001

  Low (≤600)

1,601 (35.2)

756 (33.0)

713 (24.3)

1,377 (28.0)

 

  Moderate (601~2,999)

1,873 (41.1)

980 (42.8)

1,162 (39.6)

2,067 (42.0)

 

  High (≥3,000)

1,080 (23.7)

554 (24.2)

1,062 (36.1)

1,477 (30.0)

 

  Body Mass Index (kg/m2),

20.4 (2.16)

23.7 (1.69)

22.9 (1.69)

26.8 (2.59)

<0.001

  Trunk Fat Mass (kg),

6.18 (1.82)

11.01 (2.03)

6.67 (1.77)

12.1 (2.85)

<0.001

  Appendicular Muscle Mass (kg),

15.7 (3.67)

16.3 (3.89)

20.0 (4.69)

20.1 (4.86)

<0.001

Nutritional Intake,

  Total Energy Intake (kcal/day)

1930 (806)

1866 (772)

2132 (930)

2008 (905)

<0.001

  Vitamin C (mg/day)

106 (91)

106 (102)

120 (102)

113 (94.6)

 

  Niacin (mg/day)

16 (8.67)

15.9 (8.54)

18.1 (10.3)

17.1 (10.2)

 

  Sodium (g/day)

4.79 (3.00)

4.78 (2.96)

5.25 (3.19)

5.20 (3.54)

 

  Calcium (g/day)

0.49 (0.31)

0.49 (0.31)

0.56 (0.35)

0.52 (0.34)

 

  Fiber (g/day)

7.19 (5.17)

7.62 (5.51)

7.99 (5.37)

8.05 (5.97)

 

Cardiometabolic Status

  Fasting Serum Glucose

91.6 (18.9)

98.4 (21.9)

92.5 (16.3)

100 (23.1)

<0.001

  Waist Circumference

72.0 (7.29)

82.3 (6.66)

77.6 (6.50)

88.7 (7.89)

 

  Systolic Blood Pressure

110 (15.0)

119 (16.4)

114 (15.3)

121 (16.1)

 

  Diastolic Blood Pressure

73.1 (10.2)

78.1 (10.6)

75.3 (10.8)

80.2 (10.8)

 

  Triglyceride, median (IQR)

79 (57–113)

118 (82–179)

86 (60–127)

131 (90–193)

 

  HDL-Cholesterol, median (IQR)

56 (48–65)

50 (43–58)

54 (46–63)

48 (41–56)

 

  HOMA-IR, median (IQR)

1.73 (1.38–2.18)

2.21 (1.74–2.82)

1.81 (1.45–2.28)

2.53 (1.94–3.40)

 

Presence of Comorbidity‡, n(%)

  Yes

90 (1.9)

96 (4.2)

51 (1.7)

162 (3.3)

<0.001

  No

4,501 (98.1)

2,215 (95.8)

2,905 (98.3)

4,787 (96.7)

 
  1. All values are presented as mean (SD) unless otherwise stated.
  2. P value from ANOVA for continuous variables and Chi-Square test for categorical variables.
  3. *MET minutes from IPAQ.
  4. †Includes individuals who are students and housewives at the time of the health examination and survey.
  5. ‡Individuals with cancer, myocardial infarction, angina, hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection at the time of the health examination and survey.
  6. Abbreviations: MET, Metabolic Equivalent Task; HOMA-IR, the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; SD, Standard Deviation; IQR, Interquartile Range; ANOVA, analysis of variance; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire.
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