Figure 3
Distinct genetic differentiation among ecologically divergent zokor populations at three altitudes. (a) Neighbor joining tree. L1, L2, and L3 are zokors from low-altitude populations (2,846 m); M1, M2, and M3 are zokors from middle altitude populations (3,282 m); and H1, H2, and H3 are zokors from high-altitude populations (3,714 m). (b) Principal component analysis (PCA) of the three altitudinal populations. Samples from low altitudes (L) are marked in blue triangles, from middle altitudes (M) are marked in green squares, and samples from high altitudes (H) are marked in red circles. Note the dramatic genetic divergence of H from both L and M. (c) Altitudinal population structure when k = 2, 3 (green, yellow, and red) and K = 4 (green, yellow, red, and blue). Here, K is defined as the number of (ancestral) populations. The higher the K, the more fine-structured (tuned) is the population subdivided into more units. (d) Measurement of FST for all genes among the three populations, indicating high-genetic differentiation between low, middle, and high altitudes. It shows that both L-H (0.428) and M-H (0.452) have higher FST than L-M (0.063). (e) GST differentiation of the three altitudinal populations. Note the difference between the low and other two altitudinal populations.
