Figure 3
From: TiO2 nanoparticles induce omphalocele in chicken embryo by disrupting Wnt signaling pathway
TiO2 NPs induces developmental deformities in chicken embryo. (a) Percentages of living normal, dead and malformed embryos in 19-day-old chick embryos. (b) Mean body weight (g) and lengths (cm) of living 19-day-old chick embryos in control and treated groups. (c) Concentrations of Ti in embryos of control and TiO2 NPs-treated group (4 day old) by ICP-OES. (d) Chicken-embryo development after 19 days of incubation, control (i), 10–100 µg/ml TiO2 NPs-treated groups (ii,iii,iv), 10 µg/ml TiO2 Bulk (v) and 10 µg/ml cadmium chloride (vi), (Scale bar: 1 cm). Embryos treated with 10 µg/ml TiO2 NPs (ii) exhibits omphalocele (red arrow) & flexed limbs (white arrow). (e) Photographs showing endoskeleton (bone and cartilage) of 19-day-old chick embryos, control (i) and TiO2 NPs–treated (ii) stained with Alizarin red S and alcian blue staining. TiO2 NPs treated (10 µg/ml) embryos exhibits flexed digits (arrow). The data are expressed as Mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA, *p ≤ 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ns- not significant, C- control, P-placebo, B- TiO2 Bulk (10 µg/ml), Cd- cadmium chloride (10 µg/ml).
