Figure 3

(a) Schematic illustration of changes in the surface charge state of APTES-treated IGZO thin-films according to the variation of pH. Electrical characteristic with various pH solutions of (b) film-type and (c) wire-type IGZO sensors. Insets in b and c shows the value of gate voltage at the drain current of 500 nA under various pH conditions. Real-time response of the drain current of (d) film-type and (e) wire-type IGZO sensors for the variation of pHs from 9 to 5.