Table 1 Univariable analyses of potential risk factors for the presence of AIV H9 in the LBRS of Lahore District, Pakistan

Number of cages in the stall

Number

1−8

28

152

1.33

0.85−2.08

0.252

Total number of birds kept in stall

Number

14−1000

28

152

1.00

1.00−1.01

0.338

Number of birds sold per day

Number

10−1000

28

152

1.00

0.99−1.00

0.411

Chicken breeds other than broiler in the stall (Indigenous, Fayoumi, or mixed breeds)

Yes

—

20

73

7.97

2.21−28.65

0.019

No

—

8

179

Reference

Source of birds for stall

Obtained from mixed source

—

18

76

4.40

3.15−6.16

 < 0.001

Dealer/wholesaler

—

10

176

Reference

Market vehicle picks up birds from farm

Yes

—

1

12

0.44

0.04−4.32

0.510

No

—

27

240

Reference

Vehicle disinfected between deliveries

Yes

—

1

2

0.57

0.03−10.73

0.721

No

—

27

250

Reference

Adding new birds to cages already holding birds

Yes

—

25

194

3.73

0.70−19.86

0.173

No

—

3

58

Reference

Stall completely cleaned and disinfected within last 30 days

Yes

—

8

72

0.84

0.31−2.29

0.759

No

—

20

180

Reference

Keeping birds in the stalls during cleaning

Remain in stall

—

3

7

2.92

0.64−13.28

0.214

Moved to elsewhere

—

25

245

Reference

Wild birds around stall

Usually

—

27

243

1.00

0.60−1.66

0.998

Rarely

—

1

9

Reference

Rodents seen in the stall

Usually

—

11

45

2.67

1.46–4.86

0.018

Rarely

—

17

207

Reference

Avian mascot/pet bird in stall

Yes

—

3

29

1.00

0.35–2.36

0.872

No

—

25

223

Reference

Birds kept at home

Yes

—

7

57

1.06

0.40–2.80

0.896

No

—

21

195

Reference

Sick birds in stall

Moved to separate cage

—

1

2

2.80

0.03–223.1

0.663

No special handling

—

26

246

0.41

0.03–4.25

0.489

Moved to separate area

—

1

4

Reference

Disposal of dead birds

Sold

—

26

228

0.49

0.11–2.23

0.399

Trash pick up

—

2

24

Reference

Housing of birds

Keeping some birds outside cages

—

7

23

3.36

1.39–8.13

0.036

All birds housed inside cages

—

21

229

Reference

Stray dogs accessing stall

Yes

—

19

164

1.12

0.57–2.17

0.746

No

—

9

88

Reference

Washed gizzards

Dip in bucket of water

—

26

220

2.80

0.29–26.58

0.403

Separately under tap

—

2

32

Reference

Another nearby stall

Yes

—

25

214

2.30

0.30–17.3

0.449

No

—

3

38

Reference

Number of people visiting stall

Number

12–700

152

28

1.00

0.99–1.01

0.279

Stall owned by respondent

Yes

—

27

242

1.04

0.45–2.38

0.924

No

—

1

10

Reference