Table 4 The risk of diabetic retinopathy according to quartiles of hemoglobin levels.

From: High hemoglobin levels are associated with decreased risk of diabetic retinopathy in Korean type 2 diabetes

 

Hemoglobin quartiles

P for trend

Q1

(n = 515)

Q2

(n = 531)

Q3

(n = 553)

Q4

(n = 524)

Hemoglobin, g/dL

12.0 ± 0.1

13.5 ± 0.01

14.5 ± 0.02

16.2 ± 0.04

<0.0001

Model 1 OR

(95% CI)

1 (ref.)

0.607

(0.417–0.882)

0.731

(0.501–1.069)

0.386

(0.257–0.579)

<0.0001

Model 2 OR

(95% CI)

1 (ref.)

0.587

(0.404–0.854)

0.637

(0.425–0.955)

0.311

(0.188–0.514)

<0.0001

Model 3 OR

(95% CI)

1 (ref.)

0.6

(0.409–0.88)

0.676

(0.445–1.026)

0.331

(0.194–0.563)

0.0001

Model 4 OR

(95% CI)

1 (ref.)

0.746

(0.482–1.155)

0.880

(0.562–1.378)

0.392

(0.220–0.699)

0.0035

  1. Model 1 is unadjusted.
  2. Model 2 is adjusted for age and sex.
  3. Model 3 is adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, drinking, exercise, education, and income.
  4. Model 4 is adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, drinking, exercise, education, income, DM duration, insulin therapy, HbA1c, and eGFR.
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