Figure 1

Sampled populations of Cypripedium japonicum in this study. The reconstructed Last Glacial Maximum coastlines are represented as thin dotted lines. All the geographical features quoted in the text are also indicated. The areas indicated by ①, ②, and ③ partitioned by thick dotted lines represent the “first”, the “second”, and “third” steps of the “three-step ladder” of Chinese geographic features58. The base map has been generated with ArcGIS 9.3 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA) from a 30 arc-sec layer downloaded from WorldClim Version 1 (http://worldclim.org/), and modified using Adobe Illustrator CS5.1 (Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, CA, USA). Layers from WorldClim Version 1 are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).