Figure 1
From: Apple procyanidins promote mitochondrial biogenesis and proteoglycan biosynthesis in chondrocytes
Apple polyphenols promote mitochondrial activity via mitochondrial biogenesis in primary chondrocytes. Apple polyphenols were added to primary chondrocytes or ATDC5 cells for 24 h. (a) Microscope images. Scale bars represent 100 µm. (b) Mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (n = 9–10), (c) mitochondrial DNA level (n = 6), (d) gene expression of PGC-1α in ATDC5 cells (n = 6), (e) mitochondrial superoxide (n = 4–5). Primary chondrocytes were treated with apple polyphenols and paraquat. (f) Mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (n = 3), (g) mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ m). High: the region of cells with normal ΔΨ m, Low: the region of cells with mitochondrial depolarization. Values are the mean ± standard deviation (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, versus control, Student’s t-test).
