Figure 3
From: Apple procyanidins promote mitochondrial biogenesis and proteoglycan biosynthesis in chondrocytes
Apple polyphenols enhance proteoglycan synthesis in primary chondrocytes. Apple polyphenols were added to primary chondrocytes for 24 h for the assessment of their effects on the expression of matrix-related genes and BrdU incorporation, and for 14 days for the assessment of their effects on proteoglycan levels. (a) The expression profiles of matrix-related genes (n = 3), (b) proteoglycan levels (n = 3), (c) BrdU incorporation (n = 3). Values are the mean ± standard deviation (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus control, Student’s t-test).
