Figure 5
From: Apple procyanidins promote mitochondrial biogenesis and proteoglycan biosynthesis in chondrocytes
Apple procyanidins and procyanidin B2 suppress cartilage damages in knee joints of chondrocyte-Sod2−/− mice under mechanical overloading. The left knee joints of mice were treated with DMM surgery at 8 weeks of age and administered 500 mg/kg apple procyanidins or 100 mg/kg procyanidin B2 for 8 weeks. (a–h) Cartilage degeneration in safranin O/fast green-stained sections of the medial region of knee joints from control and chondrocyte-Sod2−/− mice. Scale bars represent 100 µm and 1 mm for the left and right panels, respectively. The arrowhead, dotted arrow, and asterisk represent cartilage fibrillation, cartilage degeneration/erosion, and loss of safranin O intensity, respectively. (i and j) Quantification of cartilage degeneration in the medial region; the left graph indicates the quantification of cartilage degeneration in the medial femoral condyle (MFC), and the right graph indicates the quantification of cartilage degeneration in the medial tibial plateau (MTP). Values are the mean ± standard deviation (n = 10–12, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus control, Student’s t-test).
