Table 3 Crossover analysis.

		Period 1	Period 2	Carryover effect	Period effect	Supplement effect
		Period 1	Period 2	P value*	P value*	Periods 1–2	P value*
Δ\(\dot{{\rm{V}}}\)O₂, l/min	S1	0.01 ± 0.02	−0.00 ± 0.03	NS	NS	0.02 ± 0.02	0.022
Δ\(\dot{{\rm{V}}}\)O₂, l/min	S2	−0.04 ± 0.03	0.01 ± 0.02	NS	NS	−0.05 ± 0.01	0.022
Δ\(\dot{{\rm{V}}}\)CO₂, l/min	S1	0.06 ± 0.03	−0.00 ± 0.03	NS	NS	0.06 ± 0.03	0.010
Δ\(\dot{{\rm{V}}}\)CO₂, l/min	S2	−0.05 ± 0.01	0.00 ± 0.03	NS	NS	−0.05 ± 0.02	0.010
Δ[Lac⁻]_p, mmol/L	S1	−0.1 ± 0.3	−0.6 ± 0.2	NS	NS	0.5 ± 0.3	0.044
Δ[Lac⁻]_p, mmol/L	S2	−0.3 ± 0.2	0.1 ± 0.1	NS	NS	−0.5 ± 0.3	0.044
Training days, days	S1	2.8 ± 0.3	3.0 ± 0.4	NS	NS	−0.3 ± 0.3	0.032
Training days, days	S2	4.0 ± 0.3	2.6 ± 0.6	NS	NS	1.4 ± 0.5	0.032
Impulse at fast walking, N min × 10⁶	S1	0.8 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.1	NS	NS	−0.3 ± 0.2	0.021
Impulse at fast walking, N min × 10⁶	S2	1.3 ± 0.3	0.9 ± 0.3	NS	NS	0.5 ± 0.2	0.021
Time at fast walking, min	S1	32 ± 8	44 ± 6	NS	NS	−12 ± 7	0.015
Time at fast walking, min	S2	54 ± 12	36 ± 14	NS	NS	19 ± 7	0.015
ΔMADRS	S1	0.3 ± 0.5	−4.3 ± 1.4	NS	NS	4.5 ± 1.9	0.007
ΔMADRS	S2	−2.8 ± 0.6	2.4 ± 1.6	NS	NS	−5.2 ± 1.8	0.007

\(\Delta {\dot{{\rm{V}}}{\rm{O}}}_{2}\), \(\Delta {\dot{{\rm{V}}}\text{CO}}_{2}\), Δ[Lac⁻]_p, and ΔMADRS, changes in the average values of oxygen consumption rate (\(\dot{{\rm{V}}}\)O₂), carbon dioxide production rate (\({\dot{{\rm{V}}}\text{CO}}_{2}\)), and lactate concentration in plasma ([Lac⁻]_p) above 45 W during the graded cycling and in the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) after supplement intake compared with before supplement intake. S1, PLC-(ALA + SFC) sequence; S2, (ALA + SFC)-PLC sequence. *S1 vs. S2 for each effect. Values are the means ± SE for 4 subjects for S1 and 5 subjects for S2. We tested the effects of 3 factors: carryover (physiological and other effects of the first supplement period are still present when the subject enters the second supplement period), period (the effect of stimulation order was present in PLC-(ALA + SFC) sequence group vs. (ALA + SFC)-PLC sequence group), and supplement effects on the average changes in \({\dot{{\rm{V}}}{\rm{O}}}_{2}\), \({\dot{{\rm{V}}}\text{CO}}_{2}\), and [Lac⁻]_p ≥45 W during the graded cycling test (Fig. 2B). The analysis was performed by the method reported by Chow and Liu²⁸. Similarly, the analysis was also performed to test the effects of 3 factors on training days, training impulse and time for fast walking during the supplement intake period and on the MADRS score.

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